The Role of Infectious Aerosols in Disease Transmission in Pigs

Stärk, Katharina D.C.

doi:10.1053/tvjl.1998.0346

Cited by 69 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Since the animal pens were washed using a high-pressure hose (after shoveling), this was the likely source of the contaminated aerosols even though the vast majority of the fecal material had been removed prior to washing. The length of time these aerosols could remain suspended would depend on the size of the particles generated and the relative humidity of the air within the room (21). The recovery of E. coli O157:H7 from an air sample 24 h after cleaning suggests that some infectious particles remained in suspension for at least that long and emphasizes the low infectious dose of E. coli O157:H7 for pigs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Occurs Readily among Swine but Not among Sheep

Cornick

Vu-Khac

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 among reservoir animals is generally thought to occur either by direct contact between a naïve animal and an infected animal or by consumption of food or water containing the organism. Although ruminants are considered the major reservoir, there are two reports of human infections caused by E. coli O157:H7 linked to the consumption of pork products or to the contamination of fresh produce by swine manure. The objective of this study was to determine whether E. coli O157:H7 could be transmitted to naïve animals, both sheep and swine, that did not have any direct contact with an infected donor animal. We recovered E. coli O157:H7 from 10/10 pigs with nose-to-nose contact with the infected donor or animals adjacent to the donor and from 5/6 naïve pigs that were penned in the same room as the donor pig but 10 to 20 ft away. In contrast, when the experiment was repeated with sheep, E. coli O157:H7 was recovered from 4/6 animals that had nose-to-nose contact with the infected donor or adjacent animals and from 0/6 naïve animals penned 10 to 20 ft away from the donor. These results suggest that E. coli O157:H7 is readily transmitted among swine and that transmission can occur by the creation of contaminated aerosols.Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections are an important cause of food-borne illness in much of the world. Human disease usually results from the contamination of food or water by ruminant manure, and cattle are considered to be the primary reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, including serotype O157:H7. Over the last several years E. coli O157:H7 has been recovered from small numbers of healthy pigs in Japan (17), Canada (11), Sweden (9), and the United States (10, 14). Recently, a small cluster of human infections caused by E. coli O157:H7 were traced back to dry fermented pork salami as the source (6). In addition, a large outbreak of human cases in the United States was linked to spinach potentially contaminated by both feral swine and cattle manure (12). E. coli O157:H7 can be carried by experimentally infected swine for at least 2 months (3, 4), and we have shown that transmission between naïve animals penned with an infected donor occurs freely (3,4,8). The objective of the current study was to determine whether or not E. coli O157:H7 could be transmitted to naïve animals that did not have any direct contact with an infected donor animal.(A preliminary report of this work was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Food Safety Consortium, Fayetteville, AR, and at the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Toronto, Canada, 2007.) MATERIALS AND METHODSAnimals and pen arrangement. All animal experiments were done with the approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Iowa State University. Young adult pigs (100 to 150 lb) and sheep (80 to 120 lb) were purchased from various commercial sources and were acclimated to antibioticfree feed (for the pigs, Lean Grow 100 [Land O' Lakes] was used; for the sheep, a commercial concentrat...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Occurs Readily among Swine but Not among Sheep

Cornick

Vu-Khac

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…dust, smoke, and fog. Bioaerosols are aerosols containing particles of biological origin (Stark 1999). Particle sizes may range between 0.5 and 100 mm (Pearson and Sharples 1995).…”

Section: Uptake Of Bioaerosolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Aerosol Transmission Of Infectious Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bioaerosols must be generated; they have to be transported to and be inhaled by susceptible individuals (Stark 1999). Survival of bacteria in bioaerosols depends on relative humidity, temperature and radiation, and these factors differ between types of bacteria (Stark 1999). Aerosol transmission has been reported for different bacterial diseases targeting different organ systems (Kaufmann et al 1980;Hardman et al 1991;Kristensen et al 2004).…”

Section: Aerosol Transmission Of Infectious Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Within-farm transmission of bovine paratuberculosis: recent developments

Eisenberg

Nielen

Koets

2012

Veterinary Quarterly

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Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the causative agent of paratuberculosis in cattle which causes a chronic infection of the small intestine. Since the transmission is only partly understood current control programs have been able to only decrease prevalence but not to eradicate disease from a herd. Unknown and therefore uncontrolled routes of transmission were suggested and infective bioaerosols were hypothesized as a potential candidate. This review gives an overview concerning disease transmission and focuses on consequences of bioaerosols on the within-herd transmission of paratuberculosis.

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“…Animals can generate aerosols containing virus after sneezing and coughing or during normal breathing. Also splashes of urine and faeces or sources like bedding and feed can generate aerosols (Stärk, 1999). However, until now to our knowledge no reports on the successful isolation of CSFV from the air have been published.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and quantification of classical swine fever virus in air samples originating from infected pigs and experimentally produced aerosols

Weesendorp¹,

Landman²,

Stegeman³

et al. 2008

Veterinary Microbiology

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During epidemics of classical swine fever (CSF), neighbourhood infections occurred where none of the 'traditional' routes of transmission like direct animal contact, swill feeding, transport contact or transmission by people could be identified. A hypothesized route of virus introduction for these herds was airborne transmission. In order to better understand this possible transmission route, we developed a method to detect and quantify classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in air samples using gelatine filters. The air samples were collected from CSFV-infected pigs after experimental aerosolization of the virus. Furthermore, we studied the viability of the virus with time in aerosolized state. Three strains of CSFV were aerosolized in an empty isolator and air samples were taken at different time intervals. The virus remained infective in aerosolized state for at least 30 min with half-life time values ranging from 4.5 to 15 min. During animal experiments, concentrations of 10 0.3 -10 1.6 TCID 50 / m 3 CSFV were detected in air samples originating from the air of the pig cages and 10 0.4 -10 4.0 TCID 50 /m 3 from the expired air of infected animals. This is the first study describing the isolation and quantification of CSFV from air samples originating from infected pigs and their cages, supporting previous findings that airborne transmission of CSF is feasible. #

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The Role of Infectious Aerosols in Disease Transmission in Pigs

Cited by 69 publications

References 103 publications

Indirect Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Occurs Readily among Swine but Not among Sheep

Indirect Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Occurs Readily among Swine but Not among Sheep

Within-farm transmission of bovine paratuberculosis: recent developments

Detection and quantification of classical swine fever virus in air samples originating from infected pigs and experimentally produced aerosols

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