The role of infections and coinfections with newly identified and emerging respiratory viruses in children

Abstract

Acute respiratory infections are a major cause of morbidity in children both in developed and developing countries. A wide range of respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and B viruses, parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), adenovirus, rhinovirus (HRV), have repeatedly been detected in acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children in the past decades. However, in the last ten years thanks to progress in molecular technologies, newly discovered viruses have been identified including human Metapneumovirus (hMPV), coronaviruses NL63 (HcoV-NL63) and HKU1 (HcoV-HKU1), human Bocavirus (HBoV), new enterovirus (HEV), parechovirus (HpeV) and rhinovirus (HRV) strains, polyomaviruses WU (WUPyV) and KI (KIPyV) and the pandemic H1N1v influenza A virus. These discoveries have heavily modified previous knowledge on respiratory infections mainly highlighting that pediatric population is exposed to a variety of viruses with similar seasonal patterns. In this context establishing a causal link between a newly identified virus and the disease as well as an association between mixed infections and an increase in disease severity can be challenging. This review will present an overview of newly recognized as well as the main emerging respiratory viruses and seek to focus on the their contribution to infection and co-infection in LRTIs in childhood.

Determination of the Frequency of Human Bocavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Among 0-2 Years Age Group Children Diagnosed as Acute Bronchiolitis

“…RSV enfeksiyonu olan olgularımızın daha yüksek klinik ciddiyet skoruna sahip olduğu ve hastanede daha uzun süre yattıkları izlenmekle birlikte, yine istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark belirlenmemiştir. HBoV ve hMPV'nin tanımlanmasından önce, ASYE olan çocuklar RSV negatif pnömoni hastaları olarak kabul edilmiş ve etiyolojinin bilinmemesi nedeniyle fazla miktarda antibiyotik tedavisi almışlardır 1,3,5 . Völz ve arkadaşları 44 çalışmalarında, HBoV pozitif hastaların %82'sine antibiyotik tedavisi verildiğini rapor etmiştir.…”

“…Bronşiyolit olgularının çoğundan respiratuar sinsityal virusu (RSV) sorumlu olup, diğer solunum virusları arasında; rhinovirus (RV), adenovirus (AdV), influenza viruslar, parainfluenza viruslar (PIV), koronavirus (CoV), enteroviruslar (EV) ve son zamanlarda tanımlanan insan metapnömovirusu (hMPV) ile insan bokavirusu yer almaktadır [3][4][5] . Farklı solunum viruslarıyla enfekte hastalar benzer klinik sendromlara sahip olduğundan, etiyolojik etkenin özgül olarak tanımlanması ancak laboratuvar çalışmalarıyla mümkündür.…”

Viral etiology of acute respiratory infections among children under 5 years of age in Bulgaria, during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons

“…According to various studies performed mainly using multiplex PCR, co-infections are common, occurring in 10 -70% of ARI (13,14). There is no consensus on the impact of coinfection on disease severity.…”

Parechovirus como agente etiológico de meningitis y/o sepsis viral en lactantes

“…Posteriormente, su estudio molecular evidenció diferencias en el genoma, proteínas y propiedades biológicas con respecto a los EV, siendo renombrados en 1999 como HPeV tipo 1 y 2 7,8 . Más tarde, HPeV ha sido descrito como agente causal de sepsis viral y meningoencefalitis [8][9][10] . Los HPeV pertenecen a la familia Picornaviridae, son virus pequeños, desnudos, con ARN de hebra simple, de polaridad positiva.…”