The Role of incretin-based therapies in maintaining glucose homeostasis and management of diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Multiple organs work together to achieve a balance between glucose entry into blood circulation (from the liver, glucose is absorbed through intestinal mucosa after meals) and peripheral tissue glucose uptake (mainly brain and skeletal muscles). Blood glucose is controlled and maintained within a narrow range under normal physiological conditions, which is referred to as glucose homeostasis. Endogenous insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels rise. Its release can be aided by other factors such as amino acids and hormones released from the gut following food consumption, a phenomenon known as the incretin effect. Diabetes mellitus is caused by defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both, resulting in chronic hyperglycemia caused by disturbed carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. The current review discusses the role of incretin-based therapies in the management of diabetes mellitus and the maintenance of glucose homeostasis.

The Role of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1, Pro-neurotensin and 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D3 in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Metabolic and Pathophysiological links

“…Diabetes caused 1.5 million deaths in 2012 (Cita and Yuanita, 2022). In the Middle East and North Africa region, more than 35.4 million people have diabetes and by 2040, this number is expected to rise to 72.1 million (Abdelhamid et al, 2022).…”