The role of imagery in the maintenance and treatment of snake fear

Hunt, Melissa G.; Bylsma, Lauren M.; Brock, Johanna; Fenton, Miriam C.; Goldberg, Anya; Miller, R. Christopher; Tran, Tanya; Urgelles, Jessica

doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.12.002

Cited by 35 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…These results are further relevant as recent studies have shown that in a wide range of different disorders, clients' specific areas of concern are accompanied by vivid, frequent, and distressing forms of imagery. For example, images of physical appearance in body dysmorphic disorder (Osman et al, 2004), frightening images of snakes in snake phobia (Hunt et al 2006), and intrusive memories in depression (Brewin et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of eye movements and tones on disturbing memories involving PTSD and other mental disorders

Jongh

Ernst

Marqués

et al. 2013

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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The impact of eye movements and tones on disturbing memories involving PTSD and other mental disorders de Jongh, A.; Ernst, R.; Marques, L.; Hornsveld, H. General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Download date: 12 May 2018The impact of eye movements and tones on disturbing memories involving PTSD and other mental disorders Method: This study was aimed at investigating (1) the effects of taxing the working memory, as applied in EMDR, during recall of negative memories in 32 patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and 32 patients with other mental disorders, and (2) whether the results would differ between both groups. In a therapeutic session patients were asked to recollect a crucial upsetting memory while, in counterbalanced order (a) performing eye movements, (b) listening to tones and (c) watching a blank wall ('recall only'), each episode lasting six minutes.Results: Eye movements were found to be more effective in diminishing the emotionality of the memory than 'recall only'. There was a trend showing that tones were less effective than eye movements, but more effective than 'recall only'. The majority of patients (64%) preferred tones to continue with. The effects of taxing working memory on disturbing memories did not differ between PTSD patients and those diagnosed with other conditions. Conclusions:The findings provide further evidence for the value of employing eye movements in EMDR treatments. The results also support the notion that EMDR is a suitable option for resolving disturbing memories underlying a broader range of mental health problems than PTSD alone.3

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of eye movements and tones on disturbing memories involving PTSD and other mental disorders

Jongh

Ernst

Marqués

et al. 2013

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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“…They also found that more imagery was associated with more anxiety. Hunt et al (2006) found that 78% of participants who reported having a phobia also reported experiencing imagery of some kind in relation to their fear. When prompted to explain what they imagined would happen on encountering the feared stimulus, participants reported a number of visual and somatic images.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hunt et al (2006) developed a novel cognitive treatment for fearful individuals, the central aspect of which consisted of imagery rescripting. In a small, randomized controlled trial with snake fearful individuals, they tested the efficacy of imagery rescripting compared to in vivo exposure and a minimal exposure, relaxation control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imagery rescripting versus in vivo exposure in the treatment of snake fear

Hunt

Fenton

2007

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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“…Nevertheless, snakes elicit fear and/or antipredator behavior in many primates, e.g., tarsiers (Gursky 2005(Gursky , 2006, marmosets (Clara et al 2008), macaques (Ramakrishnan et al 2005;Coss et al 2007), and humans (Hunt et al 2006;Wright et al 2002;} Ohman et al 2007). Reaction of primates to warning coral snake pattern is complicated by different ability of color vision.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What makes some species of milk snakes more attractive to humans than others?

2009

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Animals are ancestrally important stimuli for humans who pay disproportional attention to animal objects and exhibit an outstanding ability to categorize animal species, especially those most relevant to them. Humans as well as other primates perceive snakes as ambivalent stimuli that elicit unspecific arousal and attention. We assessed human aesthetic preferences toward milk snakes, the traditional model for studies of Batesian mimicry. The genus is fairly uniform in size and shape, but includes a great variety of color forms; some possessing aposematic patterns while others being rather cryptic. This provides an opportunity to test which features are responsible for positive aesthetic evaluation of the species. We asked the respondents to rank 34 pictures of milk snakes according to perceived beauty. The sets (whole bodies, heads, and skin fragments) covered most of naturally occurring variation in milk snake appearance. While ranking the beauty, the respondents spontaneously classified the species according to two dimensions. In each set, one of the dimensions corresponds to perceived beauty. The respondents' ranking revealed several distinct clusters of species instead of a continuous gradient. The species clustered in a similar way irrespective of evaluated set. One dimension of the ranking associated with the relative representation of red color and the number of transversal stripes, the other corresponded to a low proportion of red and a high proportion of black color. When the whole body of the snake is evaluated, aposematic coloration contributes to its perceived beauty. In conclusion, humans showed a surprising ability to classify milk snake patterns; they repeatedly formed the same distinct groups of species, thus completing a process that resembles unsupervised categorization.

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The role of imagery in the maintenance and treatment of snake fear

Cited by 35 publications

References 39 publications

The impact of eye movements and tones on disturbing memories involving PTSD and other mental disorders

The impact of eye movements and tones on disturbing memories involving PTSD and other mental disorders

Imagery rescripting versus in vivo exposure in the treatment of snake fear

What makes some species of milk snakes more attractive to humans than others?

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