The Role of IL-36 in the Pathophysiological Processes of Autoimmune Diseases

Abstract

A member of the interleukin (IL)-1 superfamily was IL-36, which contained IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36Ra. Heterotrimer complexes, consisting of heterodimeric receptor complexes and IL-36 agonist, gave signals through intracellular functional domains, so as to bind to downstream proteins and induce inflammatory response. IL-36 agonists upregulated mature-associated CD80, CD86, MHCII, and inductively produced several pro-inflammatory cytokines through the IL-36R-dependent manner in dendritic cells (DCs). Besides, DCs had the ability to initiate the differentiation of helper T (Th) cells. Up to date, the role of IL-36 in immunity, inflammation and other diseases is of great importance. Additionally, autoimmune diseases were characterized by excessive immune response, resulting in damage and dysfunction of specific or multiple organs and tissues. Most autoimmune diseases were related to inflammatory response. In this review, we will conclude the recent research advances of IL-36 in the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases, which may provide new insight for the future research and the treatment of these diseases.

Proteomic Analysis of Tears and Conjunctival Cells Collected with Schirmer Strips Using timsTOF Pro: Preanalytical Considerations

“…IL-1RN, IL-18, CXCL17, and CXC10 were previously detected in a few tear proteomic studies, while IL-36α, IL-36γ, and IL-36Ra were identified only in our study, as opposed to the four other studies [19][20][21]24]. IL-36,a new member of the IL-1 cytokine family, contains IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36Ra and plays a crucial role in inflammation and immunity [71]. The modulation of IL-36α has been reported in Sjögren's syndrome [62].…”

Evaluation of serum Interleukin 36 in Iraqi patients with Rheumatoid arthritis

“…Rheumatoid arthritis affects small joints after that, larger joints, finally leading the tendons and ligaments weaken, and the cartilage and bone of joints are distortion and erosion which cause severe pain for a patient, and affects on heart, kidneys, lungs skin, and eyes 2 . Commonly autoimmune diseases are characterized by an excessive immune response and cause deterioration of specific or multiple tissues and organs 3 , and generally believed that cytokines implicated in each phase of the pathogenesis of RA, such as IL-18, IL-17, IL-16, IL-12, IL-10, IL-8, IL-7, IL-6, IL-1, IFN-gamma, etc 4 . Interleukin 36 is an inflammatory cytokine, a member of the IL1 family, composed of agonists IL36α, IL36β, IL36γ, antagonist IL-36 receptor IL36Ra and accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) 5 , chromosome 2 carries the genes of the IL-36 family 6 , expressed and act on the barrier sites of the body on a variety of cells including epithelial ( synoviocytes, keratinocytes, and skin, lung, and gut cells) and immune cells (T lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells) 7 .…”

Preparative isolation of maltol glycoside from Dianthus superbus and its anti-inflammatory activity in vitro

“…1,2 Inammation is an immunemediated response to trauma induced by physical, chemical, or pathogenic stimuli. 3 Unrestrained or inappropriate inammation, however, can contribute to the incidence of a range of diseases such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. [4][5][6][7] Corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inammatory drugs are oen used to treat inammatory conditions.…”