The role of IFN-γ production during retroviral infections: an important cytokine involved in chronic inflammation and pathogenesis

Cordeiro, Patrícia Azevedo Soares; Assone, Tatiane; Prates, Gabriela; Tedeschi, Márcia Regina Martinez; Fonseca, Luís; Casseb, Jorge

doi:10.1590/s1678-9946202264064

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Moreover, by analogy with other viral infections presenting long lasting inflammatory/ immune-based diseases, retroviral chronic infections showed higher INF-γ levels associated with inflammatory symptoms [47,48]. However, in such diseases, the viral infection persists along with the inflammatory symptomatology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thrombophilia and Immune-Related Genetic Markers in Long COVID

Silva

Sarges

Cantanhede

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Aiming to evaluate the role of ten functional polymorphisms in long COVID, involved in major inflammatory, immune response and thrombophilia pathways, a cross-sectional sample composed of 199 long COVID (LC) patients and a cohort composed of 79 COVID-19 patients whose follow-up by over six months did not reveal any evidence of long COVID (NLC) were investigated to detect genetic susceptibility to long COVID. Ten functional polymorphisms located in thrombophilia-related and immune response genes were genotyped by real time PCR. In terms of clinical outcomes, LC patients presented higher prevalence of heart disease as preexistent comorbidity. In general, the proportions of symptoms in acute phase of the disease were higher among LC patients. The genotype AA of the interferon gamma (IFNG) gene was observed in higher frequency among LC patients (60%; p = 0.033). Moreover, the genotype CC of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene was also more frequent among LC patients (49%; p = 0.045). Additionally, the frequencies of LC symptoms were higher among carriers of IFNG genotypes AA than among non-AA genotypes (Z = 5.08; p < 0.0001). Two polymorphisms were associated with LC in both inflammatory and thrombophilia pathways, thus reinforcing their role in LC. The higher frequencies of acute phase symptoms among LC and higher frequency of underlying comorbidities might suggest that acute disease severity and the triggering of preexisting condition may play a role in LC development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thrombophilia and Immune-Related Genetic Markers in Long COVID

Silva

Sarges

Cantanhede

et al. 2023

Viruses

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“…The typical HERV genome structure comprises gag, pol, and env genes, along with two long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences typically located at both termini. The gag gene encodes the capsid protein, the pol gene encodes the enzymes essential for virus replication and infection, and the env gene encodes the envelope glycoprotein [7,17,18]. LTRs harbor promoter and enhancer sequences, which serve as crucial targets for various endogenous and exogenous regulatory factors of ERVs [19,20].…”

Section: Activation Of Ervsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous Retroviruses Unveiled: A Comprehensive Review of Inflammatory Signaling/Senescence-Related Pathways and Therapeutic Strategies

2024

Aging dis

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Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), a subset of genomic transposable elements (TEs) in a broader sense, have remained latent within mammalian genomes for tens of millions of years. These genetic elements are typically in a silenced state due to stringent regulatory mechanisms. However, under specific conditions, they can become activated, triggering inflammatory responses through diverse mechanisms. This activation has been shown to play a potential role in various neurological disorders, tumors, and cellular senescence. Consequently, the regulation of ERV expression through various methods holds promise for clinical applications in disease treatment. ERVs also engage in interactions with a variety of exogenous viruses, thereby influencing the outcomes of viral infectious diseases. This article comprehensively reviews the pathogenic cascade of ERVs, encompassing activation, inflammation, associated diseases, senescence, and interplay with viruses. Additionally, it outlines therapeutic strategies targeting ERVs with the aim of offering novel research directions for understanding the relationship between ERVs and diseases, along with corresponding treatment modalities.

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“…При хронических вирусных инфекциях, вызванных вирусом иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ), Т-лимфотропным вирусом человека типа 1 (HTLV-1) и эндогенными ретровирусами человека, IFN-γ может выполнять разнонаправленное воздействие: с одной стороны, способствуя продукции мембранного белка тетерина, препятствовать распространению ВИЧ, с другой -за счет избыточной продукции IFN-γ приводить к воспалению и повреждению тканей, контролируя продукцию белка TRIM5ɑ и фермента редактирования мРНК APOBEC-1 [1].…”

Section: Immunologyunclassified

“…Интерферон гамма (IFN-γ) в основном продуцируется T-хелперами, цитотоксическими Т-лимфоцитами, макрофагами, эпителиальными клетками слизистой оболочки, а также естественными киллерами [1][2][3][4][5]. Его относят ко второму типу IFN.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Interferon gamma as a trigger of chronic viral infections and inflammatory dermatoses

Evdokimov,

Svechnikova,

Ponezheva

2024

Medicinskij sovet

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Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is the only representative of the type II interferon family regulating Th1 and Th2 immune responses. The discovery of IFN-γ is associated with the name of E. Frederick Wheelock. The expression of the IFNG gene provides a pleiotropic effect for IFN-γ, the main immune directions of this cytokine are antiviral, antibacterial and antiprotozoal. Unfortunately, in publications devoted to the relationship between the severity of inflammatory dermatoses (psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis) and levels of interferon gamma production, there is no consensus on the direct unity of these events. Although in most cases with acute viral diseases, an increase in interferon production is noted at the initial stages, but in some acute respiratory viral infections, its increase is not recorded (COVID-19, etc.), in cases of chronic viral diseases caused by retroviral infections – human immunodeficiency virus, human type 1 T-lymphotropic virus and endogenous human retroviruses as a result of prolonged exposure to IFN-γ on tissues, their damage may be noted, as well as a change in the functional state of CD4+ T cells. In cases of diseases caused by the herpes simplex virus 2, IFN-γ also has a complex effect on the intercellular relationships of infected and uninfected keratinocytes, as well as on the processes of apoptosis in Langerhans cells migrating to the dermis, which causes a violation of CD4+ and CD8+ involvement in the focus+ T-lymphocytes. In autoimmune diseases, IFN-γ can have a multidirectional effect. In particular, in patients with multiple sclerosis, IFN-γ regulates the processes of neuroinflammation and, depending on the concentration, can either reduce the number of CD11b+ myeloid cells of the central nervous system and reduce the infiltration of inflamed cells and normalize the processes of demyelination, or with an increase in IFN-γ production lead to reverse effects. At the same time, an enhancement of IFN-γ for transcription factors of differentially expressed genes in the case of systemic lupus erythematosus in patients has been proven.

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The role of IFN-γ production during retroviral infections: an important cytokine involved in chronic inflammation and pathogenesis

Cited by 4 publications

References 59 publications

Thrombophilia and Immune-Related Genetic Markers in Long COVID

Thrombophilia and Immune-Related Genetic Markers in Long COVID

Endogenous Retroviruses Unveiled: A Comprehensive Review of Inflammatory Signaling/Senescence-Related Pathways and Therapeutic Strategies

Interferon gamma as a trigger of chronic viral infections and inflammatory dermatoses

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