The role of hypoxia in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease

Recent understanding of immunological aspects in alcoholic hepatitis

“…Although many factors such as hypoxia have been implicated to have a significant role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease [84], immunologic factors seem to be still important for making its individual difference. The major reason why the precise immunological mechanism has not been understood in the pathogenesis of alcoholic hepatitis is a lack of adequate animal models, the same as in viral hepatitis.…”

Ethanol induces the production of cytokines via the Ca2+, MAP kinase, HIF-1α, and NF-κB pathway

“…Liver hypoxia, particularly when blood alcohol levels are high, has been documented in vivo in rats fed ethanol continuously at a constant rate for prolonged periods. French reported that genes regulated by the HIF are expressed more at the peaks, and the livers contain more inflammation at the peaks, in the model of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) (French, 2004). Szabo et al (2001a,b) also reported that HIF-1 was activated by ethanol injury in gastric mucosa.…”

Cytokines and the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α

“…Interestingly, HIF-1a and inflammatory mediators were observed to co-localize in the hypoxic synovium of inflamed joints in adjuvant-induced arthritis [124]. A role of hypoxia in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease was also observed [125].…”