The role of horizontal impulses of the faulting continental slope in generating the 26 December 2004 tsunami

Song, Y. Tony; Fu, L.; Zlotnicki, Victor; Ji, Chen; Hjörleifsdóttir, Vala; Shum, C. K.; Yi, Yuchan

doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.10.007

Cited by 49 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In the open ocean, their long wavelengths (typically 200 km), long periods (20 minutes) and small amplitudes (a few to 50 cm for the gigantic event of December, 26) make their detections very challenging with the GPS buoy systems or ocean bottom pressure sensors. Recently, satellite altimetry has proved to be capable of measuring the sea surface variation in the case of large tsunamis [9] including for the recent Sumatra, December 26 tsunami [10], but these techniques do not allow a real time imaging of the oceanic wave.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic waves in the ionosphere

et al. 2006

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confidence: 99%

Seismic waves in the ionosphere

et al. 2006

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“…We set the initial condition on depth-averaged velocity v 0 (x) using the expressions provided by Song et al (2008) and are summarized in Eqs. (8) and (9) Initial condition for depth-averaged horizontal velocity used for shallow water wave code, based on theory of Song et al (2008).…”

Section: Modeling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, normal traction on the seafloor has a horizontal component that will impart horizontal momentum from the solid Earth to the ocean. This momentum exchange will certainly occur, as pointed out by Song et al (2008) based on the impulse-momentum theory, but the relevant question is whether this momentum plays a nonnegligible role in tsunami generation. In a compressible ocean, it is also possible for this momentum to be carried away from the source region by ocean acoustic waves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…They suggest that this momentum transfer increases the kinetic energy of the ocean and substantially contributes to tsunami wave heights. For example, they claim this effect accounts for two-thirds of the height of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami (Song et al 2008) and half of the 2011 Tohoku, Japan, tsunami (Xu and Song 2013). If the Song et al theory is correct and its effect on tsunami height is of the magnitude they claim, it would highlight a major gap in…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, Song et al (2008Song et al ( , 2017, Han (2011), Titov et al (2016), and Xu and Song (2013) have our previous understanding of tsunami generation. The theory therefore merits a thorough investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Should tsunami simulations include a nonzero initial horizontal velocity?

Lotto

Nava

Dunham

2017

Earth Planets Space

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Tsunami propagation in the open ocean is most commonly modeled by solving the shallow water wave equations. These equations require initial conditions on sea surface height and depth-averaged horizontal particle velocity or, equivalently, horizontal momentum. While most modelers assume that initial velocity is zero, Y.T. Song and collaborators have argued for nonzero initial velocity, claiming that horizontal displacement of a sloping seafloor imparts significant horizontal momentum to the ocean. They show examples in which this effect increases the resulting tsunami height by a factor of two or more relative to models in which initial velocity is zero. We test this claim with a "full-physics" integrated dynamic rupture and tsunami model that couples the elastic response of the Earth to the linearized acoustic-gravitational response of a compressible ocean with gravity; the model self-consistently accounts for seismic waves in the solid Earth, acoustic waves in the ocean, and tsunamis (with dispersion at short wavelengths). Full-physics simulations of subduction zone megathrust ruptures and tsunamis in geometries with a sloping seafloor confirm that substantial horizontal momentum is imparted to the ocean. However, almost all of that initial momentum is carried away by ocean acoustic waves, with negligible momentum imparted to the tsunami. We also compare tsunami propagation in each simulation to that predicted by an equivalent shallow water wave simulation with varying assumptions regarding initial velocity. We find that the initial horizontal velocity conditions proposed by Song and collaborators consistently overestimate the tsunami amplitude and predict an inconsistent wave profile. Finally, we determine tsunami initial conditions that are rigorously consistent with our full-physics simulations by isolating the tsunami waves from ocean acoustic and seismic waves at some final time, and backpropagating the tsunami waves to their initial state by solving the adjoint problem. The resulting initial conditions have negligible horizontal velocity.

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Review and perspectives: Understanding natural‐hazards‐generated ionospheric perturbations using GPS measurements and coupled modeling

et al. 2016

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Natural hazards including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis have been significant threats to humans throughout recorded history. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS; including the Global Positioning System (GPS)) receivers have become primary sensors to measure signatures associated with natural hazards. These signatures typically include GPS‐derived seismic deformation measurements, coseismic vertical displacements, and real‐time GPS‐derived ocean buoy positioning estimates. Another way to use GPS observables is to compute the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) to measure, model, and monitor postseismic ionospheric disturbances caused by, e.g., earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. In this paper, we review research progress at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and elsewhere using examples of ground‐based and spaceborne observation of natural hazards that generated TEC perturbations. We present results for state‐of‐the‐art imaging using ground‐based and spaceborne ionospheric measurements and coupled atmosphere‐ionosphere modeling of ionospheric TEC perturbations. We also report advancements and chart future directions in modeling and inversion techniques to estimate tsunami wave heights and ground surface displacements using TEC measurements and error estimates. Our initial retrievals strongly suggest that both ground‐based and spaceborne GPS remote sensing techniques could play a critical role in detection and imaging of the upper atmosphere signatures of natural hazards including earthquakes and tsunamis. We found that combining ground‐based and spaceborne measurements may be crucial in estimating critical geophysical parameters such as tsunami wave heights and ground surface displacements using TEC observations. The GNSS‐based remote sensing of natural‐hazard‐induced ionospheric disturbances could be applied to and used in operational tsunami and earthquake early warning systems.

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The role of horizontal impulses of the faulting continental slope in generating the 26 December 2004 tsunami

Cited by 49 publications

References 31 publications

Seismic waves in the ionosphere

Seismic waves in the ionosphere

Should tsunami simulations include a nonzero initial horizontal velocity?

Review and perspectives: Understanding natural‐hazards‐generated ionospheric perturbations using GPS measurements and coupled modeling

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