The role of hierarchical design and morphology in the mechanical response of diatom-inspired structures via simulation

Abstract

Diatoms are microscopic algae with intricate shell morphologies and features ranging from the nanometer to the micrometer scale, which have been proposed as templates for drug delivery carriers, optical devices, and metamaterials design. Several studies have found that diatom shells show unique mechanical properties such as high specific strength and resilience. One hypothesis is that these properties stem from the structural arrangement of the material at the nanometer and micrometer length scales, challenging the concept between what constitutes a "material" versus a "structure". In this work, we have conducted a systematic simulation-prototyping study to shed light on the mechanics of diatom-inspired hierarchical microstructures. The Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to replicate three-dimensional diatom shells under compressive forces. The intricate hierarchical shell structure of the Coscinodiscus sp. diatom frustule observed in nature was reproduced in detail. Simulation parameters were selected to reproduce compression experiments, with a force distributed on the surface of the diatom shell. A frustule diameter of 50 μm was used with pore diameters ranging from 0.25 to 1.2 μm across different layers. A "unit cell" FEM model was also created to focus on the basic structural element of a diatom frustule. Both of these models were used to elucidate the relation between morphology and mechanical response. Additionally, select designs were prototyped using 3D Direct Laser Writing (DLW) lithography to evaluate the feasibility of manufacturing diatom-inspired devices at the micro-scale. Distinct correlations between pore size in each frustule layer, or pore shape in the basal layers, and the mechanical response of the diatom shell were established in this study. The 3D-DLW prototypes exhibit a similar level of intricate morphological traits observed in real diatoms, opening the possibility of a simulation-based process for the design and fabrication of diatom-inspired microdevices. This research helps explain how morphology features are central to the mechanical performance of hierarchically arranged structures and biomaterials in general, and it represents a step toward the manufacture of emerging metamaterials and microarchitectures.

Diatom Frustule‐Inspired Metamaterial Absorbers: The Effect of Hierarchical Pattern Arrays

“…It is well known that diatom frustules, regardless of the species, have hierarchical pore structures . The hierarchical pore structures of the Coscinodiscus species ( C .…”

FEM exploration of the potential of silica diatom frustules for vibrational MEMS applications

“…The main objective of our research is to explore diatom's potential for MEMS, namely, oscillators or vibrational sensors able to resonate at eigenfrequencies detecting specific external vibration. Our scientific group recently managed to make other steps towards this goal, namely, to achieve guided colonization of Si wafers with diatoms [21] and to reduce natural diatom opal to obtain nanostructured Si objects while retaining neat nanostructure [22]. These steps are being theoretically and conceptually supported by the modelling presented in this manuscript.…”

“…Moreno et al studied the relationship between porosity and mechanical properties [21]. Similarly, Gutiérrez et al investigated the effect of morphological features (such as the diameter of diatoms, pore size and thickness of individual walls) on the deformation response of centric diatoms [22]. It remains extremely challenging, if not impossible to simulate the real structure of diatoms.…”

Numerical and Experimental Study of the Mechanical Response of Diatom Frustules

“…The mechanical behavior of frustules was studied using micro-and nanomechanical testing as well as finite element analysis (FEA) [27][28][29][30][31]. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation measurements of frustules revealed that Young's modulus and hardness values are varying significantly, from 7 to hundreds of GPa, and from 1 to 12 GPa, respectively, depending on the location where the measurement was performed [27,32].…”

“…These findings support that the mechanical performance is not only related to the amorphous bio silica itself but also to the hierarchical 3D morphology of porous exoskeleton structures at the nano, submicrometer to micrometer scales of the frustule. FEA is a favored approach to study mechanical properties of biomaterials, especially to understand complex hierarchical 3D porous structures [12,19,22,28,29]. In the FEM framework, the general approach is to simplify the geometry to reduce computational efforts and to increase the likelihood of convergence of the numerical model.…”