The Role of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a Functional Food in Vegetarian Nutrition

Abstract

Recently, there has been a renewed interest in Cannabis sativa and its uses. The recreational use of inflorescences as a source of THC has led to the legal restriction of C. sativa cultivation to limit the detrimental effects of psychotropic substance abuse on health. However, this has also limited the cultivation of textile/industrial varieties with a low content of THC used for textile and nutritional purposes. While previously the bans had significantly penalized the cultivation of C. sativa, today many countries discriminate between recreational use (marijuana) and industrial and food use (hemp). The stalks of industrial hemp (low in psychotropic substances) have been used extensively for textile purposes while the seeds are nutritionally versatile. From hemp seeds, it is possible to obtain flours applicable in the bakery sector, oils rich in essential fatty acids, proteins with a high biological value and derivatives for fortification, supplementation and nutraceutical purposes. Hemp seed properties seem relevant for vegetarian diets, due to their high nutritional value and underestimated employment in the food sector. Hemp seed and their derivatives are a valuable source of protein, essential fatty acids and minerals that could provide additional benefit to vegetarian nutrition. This document aims to explore the information available in the literature about hemp seeds from a nutritional point of view, highlighting possible beneficial effects for humans with particular attention to vegetarian nutrition as a supplemental option for a well-planned diet.

Hemp Seeds (Cannabis sativa L.) as a Valuable Source of Natural Ingredients for Functional Foods—A Review

“…Table 3 presents data from the literature on the amino acid content [36] for whole hemp seeds, hulled seeds, protein powder, and protein isolates derived from hemp seeds (Cannabis sativa L.) [3]. This comprehensive analysis provides a detailed perspective on amino acid composition [36] and the potential nutritional [2] and bioactive [14] benefits of hemp proteins, thereby consolidating the role of hemp seeds as a promising source in human nutrition [40].…”

“…In 2020, soy and wheat represented the predominant sources of plant-based protein, contributing significantly, at 57.6% and 36.8%, respectively, to the total food market [1]. However, these two sources, fundamental for human nutritional needs, are increasingly associated with allergenic issues [2]. Both soy and wheat rank among the top eight food allergens, accounting for 90% of all known food allergic reactions [3,4].…”

The Neurotherapeutic Arsenal in Cannabis sativa: Insights into Anti-Neuroinflammatory and Neuroprotective Activity and Potential Entourage Effects

“…Rich in omega-3 fatty acids, particularly alpha-linolenic acid, hemp seeds and oil contribute to heart health, aid brain function, and display anti-inflammatory properties [ 12 , 13 ]. A notable attribute is hemp seeds offering all nine essential amino acids, making it a complete protein source crucial for bodily functions, a feature particularly beneficial for vegetarians and vegans [ 14 , 15 ]. Hemp products, including flour, contribute to dietary fibre intake, promoting digestive health and regulating blood sugar [ 14 , 16 ].…”

“…A notable attribute is hemp seeds offering all nine essential amino acids, making it a complete protein source crucial for bodily functions, a feature particularly beneficial for vegetarians and vegans [ 14 , 15 ]. Hemp products, including flour, contribute to dietary fibre intake, promoting digestive health and regulating blood sugar [ 14 , 16 ]. The presence of cannabinoids and terpenes in hemp, with a focus on the non-psychoactive cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD), showcases anti-inflammatory and potential analgesic effects, supporting its consideration for pain management [ 17 ].…”

“…Moreover, hemp seed oil’s fatty acid richness makes it a moisturizing option for skin health, potentially alleviating dry skin and conditions like eczema [ 10 , 11 ]. The omega-3 fatty acids in hemp may decrease the risk of heart disease, improve cholesterol levels, and support overall heart function [ 14 ].…”