The role of gut microbiota in atopic asthma and allergy, implications in the understanding of disease pathogenesis

Abstract

Asthma is a clinical syndrome characterized by chronic airway inflammation. There is mounting evidence on the role of microbiota in the development of asthma. This review focuses on the role of microbiota in maintaining the integrity of the epithelia and their role in regulating the immune response. The review compiles data from multiple studies on the role of microbiota in the innate immune response and the development and differentiation of CD4+ T cells, a major component of the adaptive arm of the immune response. As a result of dysbiosis, invariant natural killer T cells may induce T helper 2 cell differentiation and immunoglobulin E isotype switching through the release of interleukin‐4 and interleukin‐13. Furthermore, degradation of immunoglobulin A antibodies, increased circulating mast cells and basophils, and inflammation are among other mechanisms by which dysbiosis can induce or exacerbate asthma. After explaining the underlying mechanisms, the review derives conclusions from studies that investigate dysbiosis in infancy and the development of asthma later in life. The review also includes studies that investigate asthmatic mothers and the development of asthma in children and the role of dysbiosis in that regard. Finally, the review explains the statistical relationship between eczema and asthma through multiple studies that investigate the role of dysbiosis in both atopic states. This review provides insight into the role of dysbiosis in asthma, and an understanding that is required to establish clinical trials which aim to modulate the gut microbiota as a means of preventing and treating asthma.

Our Evolving Understanding of Kawasaki Disease Pathogenesis: Role of the Gut Microbiota

“…Interestingly, the genera Roseburia and Faecalibacterium , which were reported to be less abundant in patients with acute KD by Kinumaki et al ( 86 ), are butyrate-producing bacteria ( 97 , 98 ). Furthermore, the strong association between KD and allergic diseases ( 99 – 101 ) in which dysbiosis plays an important role ( 102 ) also supports this perspective. Recent observations of a potential association between previous antibiotic therapy and development of KD also supports our hypothesis ( 103 ).…”

The influence of constipation on asthma: A real‐world, population‐based cohort study

“…Currently, there have been considerable studies conducted between intestinal microbiota and asthma. 13,[26][27][28][29] The extended 'hygiene hypothesis' discloses that the initial composition of the infant gut microflora plays a vital role in the development of atopic diseases. [30][31][32] Another research in the United Kingdom, which analysed the gut microbiome of people with asthma, showed that there were abundant with Clostridiums spp., whereas Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bacteroides stercoris were depleted in individuals with asthma.…”

“…9,10 Moreover, recent research has demonstrated that the gut microbiota would exert important regulatory effects via the gut-lung axis. [11][12][13] For instance gut dysbiosis 14 and lower concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the bowel are found in patients with asthma. This condition decreases the production of butyrate and propionate, leading to the dysregulation of gut inflammation and the defect of the intestinal epithelial barriers, resulting in leaky gut and allow penetration of microorganisms and toxins into systemic circulation, thereby activating Th2 immune responses, eventually contributing to airway inflammation.…”

Yeast Fermentate Prebiotic Ameliorates Allergic Asthma, Associating with Inhibiting Inflammation and Reducing Oxidative Stress Level through Suppressing Autophagy

“…To further investigate the possible mechanism underlying the inflammation inhibitory effects of YFP, the distribution of gut microbiota in the feces of mice was explored. Salameh et al [ 36 ] reported that gut microbiota plays a great role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, to which the inflammatory factors might be the mediators. In the present study, we found that although the relative abundance of the top 3 bacteria species was not reversed by YFP in the asthma mice, a significant inhibitory effect on the relative abundance of the top 4-8 bacteria species was achieved by the treatment of YFP, indicating a minor impact of YFP on the distribution of gut microbiota of the asthma mice.…”