The Role of Gut Microbiota in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Diabetes: Lessons from Animal Models and Humans

Abstract

The number of diabetes mellitus patients is increasing rapidly worldwide. Diet and nutrition are strongly believed to play a significant role in the development of diabetes mellitus. However, the specific dietary factors and detailed mechanisms of its development have not been clearly elucidated. Increasing evidence indicates the intestinal microbiota is becoming abundantly apparent in the progression and prevention of insulin resistance in diabetes. Differences in gut microbiota composition, particularly butyrate-producing bacteria, have been observed in preclinical animal models as well as human patients compared to healthy controls. Gut microbiota dysbiosis may disrupt intestinal barrier functions and alter host metabolic pathways, directly or indirectly relating to insulin resistance. In this article, we focus on dietary fat, diabetes, and gut microbiome characterization. The promising probiotic and prebiotic approaches to diabetes, by favorably modifying the composition of the gut microbial community, warrant further investigation through well-designed human clinical studies.

Anti-Obesity Effect and Signaling Mechanism of Potassium Poly-γ-Glutamate Produced by Bacillus subtilis Chungkookjang in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

“…Adipose tissue releases adipocytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin, and elevated serum leptin and reduced serum adiponectin levels are characteristic features of obesity [ 50 ]. In another study, prolonged consumption of an HFD resulted in heightened levels of insulin in the serum, triggered insulin resistance, and promoted increased fat accumulation within the liver [ 51 ]. In the present study, we found that PGA-K decreased serum insulin and leptin levels, indicating its potential in improving insulin clearance and significantly reducing fat accumulation.…”

Analyzing the impact of Resistant Starch Formation in Basmati Rice Products: Exploring Associations with Blood Glucose and Lipid Profiles across various cooking and storage conditions

“…High levels of RS, which function as an insoluble fibre and are fermented by the intestinal microbiota, are responsible for this. They also release carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen, and metabolically active short chain fatty acids, which have an impact on insulin secretion (76), hepatic gluconeogenesis (75). According to a recent study, RS from a highfat diet can control the expression of genes related to lipid and hepatic glucose metabolism pathways, as well as hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic rats (84).…”

The use of an in vitro fecal fermentation model to uncover the beneficial role of omega-3 and punicic acid in gut microbiota alterations induced by a Western diet

“…This imbalance is thought to disturb host metabolism, resulting in decreased amounts of SCFA and immunoglobulin A, ultimately leading to T2DM. 21 So, these WD-induced alterations in gut microbiota have been associated with increased susceptibility to diseases not only to obesity, diabetes, and gastrointestinal intestinal diseases, as we already mentioned, but also to cancer, namely colorectal cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. 13,22 So, considering the effect of WD in gut microbiota modulation and consequently, in the development of several pathogeneses, the research about interventions with probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics to correct these associated microbiota alterations is increasing.…”