The role of gut microbiota in T cell immunity and immune mediated disorders

Abstract

Gut microbiota was only considered as a commensal organism that aids in digestion, but recent studies revealed that the microbiome play a critical role in both physiological and pathological immune system. The gut microbiome composition is altered by environmental factors such as diet and hygiene, and the alteration affects immune cells, especially T cells. Advanced genomic techniques in microbiome research defined that specific microbes regulate T cell responses and the pathogenesis of immune-mediated disorders. Here, we review features of specific microbes-T cell crosstalk and relationship between the microbes and immunopathogenesis of diseases including in cancers, autoimmune disorders and allergic inflammations. We also discuss the limitations of current experimental animal models, cutting-edge developments and current challenges to overcome in the field, and the possibility of considering gut microbiome in the development of new drug.

Gut microbiome is associated with recurrence-free survival in patients with resected Stage IIIB-D or Stage IV melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors

“…Eubacterium has been shown to modulate the efficacy of immunotherapies, by promoting an anti-inflammatory environment via natural killer cell interaction (Liu et al, 2023). Similarly, Clostridium and Firmicutes have been linked to enhanced immunoregulatory responses, related to modification of the T-cell response which may directly enhance the effects of immunotherapy (Shim et al, 2023). Ruminococcus , on the other hand, has been associated with both pro– and anti-inflammatory effects, particularly related to increases in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, potentially influencing the outcomes of immune checkpoint therapies (Araji et al, 2022).…”

HIV-1–Host Interaction in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT): Effects on Local Environment and Comorbidities

“…A well-balanced gut microbiota also maintains the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity through the restoration of tight junction proteins, formation of antimicrobial proteins and inhibition of epithelial cells binding with pathogenic bacteria. Thus, immune responses mediated by the gut microbiota are essential for preventing the intestinal permeability [108]. Notably, the function, development and differentiation of mucosal T cells residing within the lamina propria are affected by commensal microbial signals and also by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and metabolites of the gut microbiota [108].…”

“…Thus, immune responses mediated by the gut microbiota are essential for preventing the intestinal permeability [108]. Notably, the function, development and differentiation of mucosal T cells residing within the lamina propria are affected by commensal microbial signals and also by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and metabolites of the gut microbiota [108].…”

The role of microbiome in uveitis

“…Dysbiosis results in the disruption of intestinal homeostasis, leading to an imbalance between effector T cells (Th1 and Th17) and Treg cells, which in turn triggers immune activation by upregulating Th17 [and interleukin ] and downregulating Treg (and IL-10) [19,20]. For example, Klebsiella triggers the activation of Th (Th1) cells in the intestinal region through antigen-presenting cells (APCs), resulting in the secretion of inflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ).…”