The role of gut barrier dysfunction in postoperative complications in liver transplantation: pathophysiological and therapeutic considerations

Abstract

Purpose Gut barrier dysfunction is a pivotal pathophysiological alteration in cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease, which is further aggravated during and after the operational procedures for liver transplantation (LT). In this review, we analyze the multifactorial disruption of all major levels of defense of the gut barrier (biological, mechanical, and immunological) and correlate with clinical implications. Methods A narrative review of the literature was performed using PubMed, PubMed Central and Google from inception until November 29th, 2023. Results Systemic translocation of indigenous bacteria through this dysfunctional barrier contributes to the early post-LT infectious complications, while endotoxin translocation, through activation of the systemic inflammatory response, is implicated in non-infectious complications including renal dysfunction and graft rejection. Bacterial infections are the main cause of early in-hospital mortality of LT patients and unraveling the pathophysiology of gut barrier failure is of outmost importance. Conclusion A pathophysiology-based approach to prophylactic or therapeutic interventions may lead to enhancement of gut barrier function eliminating its detrimental consequences and leading to better outcomes for LT patients.

Underlying Mechanisms behind the Brain–Gut–Liver Axis and Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): An Update

“…Consequently, the liver serves as the primary line of defense against endotoxins produced by the intestinal tract. Changes in intestinal microbiota, such as the aforementioned leaky gut syndrome, can thus contribute to the development of MAFLD [114][115][116]. In parallel, metabolic dysregulations produced by pathologies such as MAFLD exacerbate both intrahepatic and systemic pro-inflammatory conditions, heightening the risk of neurodegeneration associated with hepatic encephalopathy.…”