The Role of Gelatin in Paper Permanence

Barrett, T. H.; Mosier, Cynthea

doi:10.2307/3179538

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Barrett found indications of gelatine in higher concentration in historical papers in good condition (Barrett 1989;Barrett and Mosier 1995). Other researchers found that gelatine-sized papers aged more slowly than non-sized papers based on changes in degree of polymerization, particularly for papers containing alum, but that for one type of modern gelatine the sized papers fared worse in terms of pH and yellowing (Dupont 2003;Missouri et al 2006).…”

Section: Project Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Destructive Analysis of 14th–19th Century European Handmade Papers

Barrett

Ormsby

Lang

2016

Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material

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Non-destructive analysis of 1,578 paper specimens made between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries was undertaken in an effort to better understand changes in paper composition over time and how these variations might affect paper stability during long term natural ageing. Gelatine content and colour were determined using UV/Vis/NIR spectrometry. Residual metals were measured using XRF. These components included potassium and sulfur as elements indicative of alum concentration; iron as a typical paper contaminant; and calcium, which is often associated with compounds such as calcium carbonate that can serve as alkaline reserves. The research demonstrated that papers that are lighter in colour (closer to white) are associated with higher levels of gelatine and calcium, and lower levels of iron. The survey also showed significant decreases in gelatine and calcium concentration over time with the largest differences coinciding with the rise of printing around 1500. The drop in pH over the centuries observed by other researchers is explained by the decreases in these two components rather than by a rise in alum concentration, which remained fairly stable. The craftsmanship of the specimens was evaluated using materials and workmanship ratings which showed better quality paper associated with higher gelatine and calcium concentrations and colour closer to white. Poorer quality papers were associated with higher iron levels and greater thickness.

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Section: Project Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Destructive Analysis of 14th–19th Century European Handmade Papers

Barrett

Ormsby

Lang

2016

Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material

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“…Basically the success of the treatment was monitored by an increase in pH (Banik et al 2002;Neevel 1999a). Additionally, the influence of gelatine sizing was investigated as proteins are reported to possess cation-binding capacity that supposedly should help to immobilize metal ions and keep them from reacting (Barrett and Mosier 1995;Kolbe 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron gall ink-induced corrosion of cellulose: aging, degradation and stabilization. Part 1: model paper studies

2008

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Cellulose in historic paper documents is often damaged by the writing media used, especially iron gall ink or copper pigments. Degradation induced by iron gall ink is suggested to be a synergistic process comprising both hydrolytic and oxidative reactions. These processes were studied on very low sample amounts according to the CCOA and FDAM method, i.e. by fluorescence labeling of carbonyl and carboxyl groups in combination with GPC-MALLS, respectively. This study focused on preventive means to stop the deterioration induced by iron gall ink of cellulose and to prevent further damage, keeping in mind that a suitable conservation treatment has to hinder both, hydrolytic and oxidative processes, at the same time. A combination of the complexing agent calcium phytate and calcium hydrogencarbonate in aqueous solution was proved to give optimum results. To gain insight into long term stability, an aging step was performed after treatment and different ink modifications were tested. Recording the molecular weight distributions and the carbonyl group content over time GPC analysis verified for the first time the preventive effect of this treatment. This effect was not only seen for the ink-covered areas, but extended also to areas remote from the ink lines. Ink containing copper ions responded equally positively to the calcium phytate/hydrogencarbonate treatment as the iron gall ink papers did. Gelatine, sometimes used in a similar way due to an alleged cellulosestabilizing effect did not have a beneficial influence on cellulose integrity when metal ions were present.

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“…The acidic components are completely removed by cleaning treatment with hydrogels, as can be deduced from the attenuation and/or disappearance of the peaks roughly centered at 7.5 and 9.5 minutes in the chromatograms obtained from extracts of RS treated with both hydrogels (Figure 6 ). On the basis of comparison with organic acid standards (data not shown), the peak at 7.5 min is related to malic acid, while the second is probably due to a degradation product of gelatin [ 33 - 35 ]. By contrast, in the case of water treatment only a not complete removal of malic acid is obtained.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheoreversible hydrogels in paper restoration processes: a versatile tool

Meisina

Micheli

Marini

et al. 2014

Chemistry Central Journal

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BackgroundPaper based artworks are probably ones of the most difficult materials to restore, because of their complexity and fragile structure. Cleaning of paper artifacts, one of the process commonly carried out during restoration, usually involves the use of solvents (organic or not), that may cause several troubles, like swelling and dissolution of some components, and may also be harmful to the users.ResultsInnovative procedure for cleaning paper artworks is reported in this paper. It is based on the use of rheoreversible, biocompatible hydrogels containing poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) and α-cyclodextrin. We have studied two types of polymer with different hydrophobic properties in order to obtain two different hydrogels with slightly different cleaning capabilities. Our overall strategy has been to develop innovative systems based on these hydrogels so as to better confront the problems that a restorer faces during the cleaning of paper samples. Rheoreversible hydrogels are intriguing materials because their application and removal is not invasive and does not require a liquid treatment that could induce damage to the paper.ConclusionsThese hydrogels have been applied in the cleaning of both new and aged paper samples and their cleaning efficiency has been established. Moreover, by comparison with traditional methods, the greater efficacy of the proposed procedure has been demonstrated.To assess the cleaning efficacy of these hydrogels, a multidisciplinary approach, combining non-invasive spectroscopic infrared techniques together with scanning electron microscopy, chromatographic (HPLC) analysis and pH investigations has been used. Near infrared spectroscopy spectra were coupled with a chemometric analysis to achieve a better interpretation of data.This work constitutes a preliminary step towards focused study in the development of α-cyclodextrin/polymer hydrogel family which will allow cleaning of paper artifacts with peculiar characteristics.

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The Role of Gelatin in Paper Permanence

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Non-Destructive Analysis of 14th–19th Century European Handmade Papers

Non-Destructive Analysis of 14th–19th Century European Handmade Papers

Iron gall ink-induced corrosion of cellulose: aging, degradation and stabilization. Part 1: model paper studies

Rheoreversible hydrogels in paper restoration processes: a versatile tool

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