The Role of Galectins as Modulators of Metabolism and Inflammation

Brinchmann, Monica F.; Patel, Deepti Manjari; Iversen, Martin Haugmo

doi:10.1155/2018/9186940

Cited by 120 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…Galectins are another key family of GBPs implicated in virtually all aspects of the immune system (Brinchmann et al, 2018;Elola et al, 2018;Robinson et al, 2019). Galectins are expressed in many cell types including those of squamous epithelia, gastrointestinal tract, adipocytes, immune cells, and even erythrocytes (Thiemann and Baum, 2016).…”

Section: Galectinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycan Microarrays as Chemical Tools for Identifying Glycan Recognition by Immune Proteins

et al. 2019

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Glycans and glycan binding proteins (GBPs or lectins) are essential components in almost every aspect of immunology. Investigations of the interactions between glycans and GBPs have greatly advanced our understanding of the molecular basis of these fundamental immunological processes. In order to better study the glycan-GBP interactions, microscope glass slide-based glycan microarrays were conceived and proved to be an incredibly useful and successful tool. A variety of methods have been developed to better present the glycans so that they mimic natural presentations. Breakthroughs in chemical biology approaches have also made available glycans with sophisticated structures that were considered practically impossible just a few decade ago. Glycan microarrays provide a wealth of valuable information in immunological studies. They allow for discovery of detailed glycan binding preferences or novel binding epitopes of known endogenous immune receptors, which can potentially lead to the discovery of natural ligands that carry the glycans. Glycan microarrays also serve as a platform to discover new GBPs that are vital to the process of infection and invasion by microorganisms. This review summarizes the construction strategies and the immunological applications of glycan microarrays, particularly focused on those with the most comprehensive sets of glycan structures. We also review new methods and technologies that have evolved. We believe that glycan microarrays will continue to benefit the growing research community with various interests in the field of immunology.

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Section: Galectinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycan Microarrays as Chemical Tools for Identifying Glycan Recognition by Immune Proteins

et al. 2019

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“…One group of defense molecules is the lectins, glycan binding proteins with a large range of specificities and immune related functions. Galectins can for example both stimulate and inhibit inflammation and galectin-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, -8, -9, and -12 can all induce T-cell apoptosis [18]. Galectins can also work as opsonins to stimulate phagocytosis, they are produced and secreted by many cells including immune cell (reviewed in [19]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Truncated Galectin-3 Isolated from Skin Mucus of Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Binds to and Modulates the Proteome of the Gram-Negative Bacteria Moritella viscosa

et al. 2020

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The mucus of fish skin plays a vital role in innate immune defense. Some mucus proteins have the potential to incapacitate pathogens and/or inhibit their passage through the skin. In this study the aim was to isolate and characterize galectin(s), β-galactosides binding proteins, present in skin mucus. A novel short form of galectin-3 was isolated from Atlantic salmon skin mucus by α-lactose agarose based affinity chromatography followed by Sephadex G-15 gel filtration. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that the isolated protein was the C-terminal half of galectin-3 (galectin-3C). Galectin-3C showed calcium independent and lactose inhabitable hemagglutination, and agglutinated the Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Moritella viscosa. Galectin-3 mRNA was highly expressed in skin and gill, followed by muscle, hindgut, spleen, stomach, foregut, head kidney, and liver. Moritella viscosa incubated with galectin-3C had a modified proteome. Proteins with changed abundance included multidrug transporter and three ribosomal proteins L7/12, S2, and S13. Overall, this study shows the isolation and characterization of a novel galectin-3 short form involved in pathogen recognition and modulation, and hence in immune defense of Atlantic salmon.

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“…Tubule-derived EVs can mediate anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic actions, for example, secreting IL-10, which polarizes macrophages toward an M 2 phenotype, and galectin-1 and CD73, which promote Treg function (135,(150)(151)(152). Tubule-derived EVs can also directly interact with T lymphocytes through T-cell immunoglobulin-and mucin-containing molecules Tim-1 and Tim-4; interestingly, the same receptor Tim-1 (also called KIM-1) is expressed on renal tubular epithelial cells surface and mediates suppression of NF-κB (153).…”

Section: Renal Tubular Epithelial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Cellular Crosstalk Between Immune System and Kidney Graft

et al. 2020

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known immune-modulators exerting a critical role in kidney transplantation (KT). EV bioactive cargo includes graft antigens, costimulatory/inhibitory molecules, cytokines, growth factors, and functional microRNAs (miRNAs) that may modulate expression of recipient cell genes. As paracrine factors, neutrophil-and macrophage-derived EVs exert immunosuppressive and immune-stimulating effects on dendritic cells, respectively. Dendritic cell-derived EVs mediate alloantigen spreading and modulate antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. At systemic level, EVs exert pleiotropic effects on complement and coagulation. Depending on their biogenesis, they can amplify complement activation or shed complement inhibitors and prevent cell lysis. Likewise, endothelial-and platelet-derived EVs can exert procoagulant/prothrombotic effects and also promote endothelial survival and angiogenesis after ischemic injury. Kidney endothelial-and tubular-derived EVs play a key role in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and during the healing process; additionally, they can trigger rejection by inducing both alloimmune and autoimmune responses. Endothelial EVs have procoagulant/pro-inflammatory effects and can release sequestered self-antigens, generating a tissue-specific autoimmunity. Renal tubule-derived EVs shuttle pro-fibrotic mediators (TGF-β and miR-21) to interstitial fibroblasts and modulate neutrophil and T-lymphocyte influx. These processes can lead to peritubular capillary rarefaction and interstitial fibrosis-tubular atrophy. Different EVs, including those from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), have been employed as a therapeutic tool in experimental models of rejection and IRI. These particles protect tubular and endothelial cells (by inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation-fibrogenesis or by inducing autophagy) and stimulate tissue regeneration (by triggering angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and migration). Finally, urinary and serum EVs represent potential biomarkers for delayed graft function (DGF) and acute rejection. In conclusion, EVs sustain an intricate crosstalk between graft tissue and innate/adaptive immune systems. EVs play a major role in allorecognition, IRI, autoimmunity, and alloimmunity and are promising as biomarkers and therapeutic tools in KT.

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The Role of Galectins as Modulators of Metabolism and Inflammation

Cited by 120 publications

References 114 publications

Glycan Microarrays as Chemical Tools for Identifying Glycan Recognition by Immune Proteins

Glycan Microarrays as Chemical Tools for Identifying Glycan Recognition by Immune Proteins

A Truncated Galectin-3 Isolated from Skin Mucus of Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Binds to and Modulates the Proteome of the Gram-Negative Bacteria Moritella viscosa

Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Cellular Crosstalk Between Immune System and Kidney Graft

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