The Role of Fertilizer and 2,4-D in the Control of Pasture Weeds

Hay, J. R.; Ouellette, G. J.

doi:10.4141/cjps59-040

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

(2 reference statements)

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“…H. pratense did poorly in the nutrient treatment, perhaps due to the lower soil moisture in these sites or more likely the rapid spread of competing species (Hay andOuellette 1959, Reader andWatt 1981). Thus, microhabitat segregation in this community may be partially based on the fact that different species are limited by different resources.…”

Section: The Role Of Resources In the Subcanopymentioning

confidence: 97%

Role of Resources and Disturbance in the Organization of an Old‐Field Plant Community

Carson

Pickett

1990

Ecology

140

119

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The roles of disturbance and resource availability in influencing species richness and plant abundance were examined by conducting a factorial experiment for 2 yr in an old field in New Jersey, USA, dominated by goldenrods (Solidago spp.). Replicate plots were treated by (1) adding macronutrients, (2) adding water, (3) tying back tall herbs to increase light to ground layer species, and (4) creating gaps in the vegetation by disturbing the soil with hand trowel early in the growing season. Nutrient additions increased the cover of the herbaceous canopy and enhanced the dominance of Solidago spp. Water additions also increased canopy during the second growing season, a year with low seasonal rainfall. Light enrichment as a consequence of canopy manipulation resulted in the competitive release of subcanopy species, primarily Fragaria virginiana. Other subcanopy dominants were limited by different resources; Hieracium pratense responded most strongly to water and Rumex acetosella to nutrients. These differences in limiting resources may be responsible for the continued coexistence of these three subcanopy species. Additionally, we observed marked seasonal and yearly fluctuations in the severity of resource limitation which might serve to favor different species in this community at different times. Species richness was decreased by light enrichment alone, whereas light with irrigation interacted to increase species richness. Nutrient additions had little direct effect on species richness A single small disturbance at the growing season had little impact on species richness or abundance. Relative to the influence of resources, small—scale disturbance plays only a minor role in this community. Our results suggest that nonequilibrium organization of old—field communities can occur via a shifting resource base in the absence of natural disturbances.

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Section: The Role Of Resources In the Subcanopymentioning

confidence: 97%

Role of Resources and Disturbance in the Organization of an Old‐Field Plant Community

Carson

Pickett

1990

Ecology

140

119

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“…Reductions in C. arvense abundance with fertilizer application might result from competing species being able to use and assimilate the added nutrients better, or from changes in the rate at which gaps appear and close in the vegetation (Bourdôt 1996). In studies to date, however, the response of C. arvense to fertilizer application has been inconsistent; for instance, nitrogen fertilizer has been shown to increase (Reece & Wilson 1983; Nadeau & Vanden Born 1990), decrease (Thrasher, Cooper & Hodgson 1963; Hume 1982) or have no effect (Hay & Ouellette 1959) on the abundance of C. arvense for reasons that are not clear (Donald 1990). Few studies have considered the effect of nutrients other than nitrogen (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of herbivory, competition and soil fertility on the abundance of Cirsium arvense in acid grassland

Edwards

Bourdôt

Crawley

2000

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Summary1. The extent to which the weed Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle) may be controlled by manipulating interspeci®c competition and herbivory was examined in two factorial experiments in order to identify non-chemical herbicide-based control methods for the weed. 2. In the ®rst experiment, a single spring cultivation of grassland intensively grazed by rabbits led to a 25-fold increase in C. arvense cover within 3 months, the eects of which were still present the following summer. As well as destroying the competing perennial vegetation, cultivation created and dispersed small root fragments (3± 5 cm in length) from which almost all shoot recruitment occurred. 3. Fencing the cultivated plots against rabbits decreased the cover of C. arvense because ungrazed regrowth from palatable/grazing intolerant species reduced recruitment of C. arvense seedlings and shoots. Seedling competition, in the form of a wild¯ower seed mix sown soon after cultivation, reduced C. arvense cover on fenced plots to pre-cultivation levels. 4. In the second experiment, conducted in a permanent grassland, C. arvense shoot densities on plots fenced against rabbits and treated as a hay meadow were about one-eighth of those found on rabbit-grazed plots where competing vegetation was kept short. Adventitious shoot recruitment was greater on soil disturbances such as molehills and rabbit scrapes than in intact vegetation. Seedling recruitment occurred only on soil disturbances such as molehills. 5. Lime and nitrogen fertilizer application to the fenced grassland increased the standing biomass of competing species, which reduced C. arvense shoot density. Outside the fences, rabbit grazing was so concentrated on the competing species of the nitrogen-fertilized and limed areas that C. arvense bene®ted from competitive release, exhibiting increased shoot density. Cirsium arvense showed pronounced competitive release from grasses, with greater shoot densities where grasses were removed with selective herbicides than where no plant species were removed. 6. Exclusion of insects and molluscs with chemical pesticides had no eect on shoot or seedling recruitment or overall shoot density on cultivated soil or in permanent grassland. 7. It is concluded that combinations of management procedures that encourage interspeci®c competition, such as sowing crops soon after cultivation and delaying grazing of them, and nitrogen fertilizer application and non-or reduced grazing of intact grasslands, will help reduce C. arvense abundance.

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“…Increased grass growth followed by a decline in associated herbs after application of fertilizer has been reported by a number of authors (e.g., Traczyk and Kotowska 1976;Hay and Ouellette 1959;Harris 197 1 ;Scarisbuck and Ivins 1970;Caplenor 1964;Smith et al 1971;Stem and Donald 1962, etc.). Increased grass growth followed by a decline in associated herbs after application of fertilizer has been reported by a number of authors (e.g., Traczyk and Kotowska 1976;Hay and Ouellette 1959;Harris 197 1 ;Scarisbuck and Ivins 1970;Caplenor 1964;Smith et al 1971;Stem and Donald 1962, etc.).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…One particular population of H . North American weed biologists (e.g., Hutcheson and Wolfe 1920;Dore 1936;Hay and Ouellette 1959;Anderson 1975), on the other hand, have suggested that high soil fertility is usually detrimental to hawkweeds ( H . Population processes involved in patch formation have been studied (Thomas andDale 1974, 1975), as well as the role of density-dependent controls (Reader and Thomas 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of hawkweed (Hieracium floribundum) patches to NPK fertilizer in an abandoned pasture

Reader¹,

Watt²

1981

Can. J. Bot.

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Fertilizer (336 kg ha−1 year−1 NPK) was applied to an abandoned pasture in southern Ontario to investigate the impact of changing soil fertility on the process of patch formation by hawkweeds (mainly Hieracium floribundum Wimm. and Grab.: Compositae). A single application of fertilizer was sufficient to increase the grass standing crop, reduce the hawkweed standing crop, and thereby temporarily halt the process of patch formation in areas initially dominated by grasses (mainly Poa compressa L.). Repeated (i.e., annually for 4 years) fertilization simply increased further the predominance of grasses in these areas. In dense, well-established hawkweed patches annual fertilizer treatment was essential to maintain the increased standing crop of grasses. In these dense patches even repeated fertilizer application had no effect on the standing crop of hawkweed. The experimental results clearly showed that soil fertility could influence the outcome of grass–hawkweed interactions in this pasture. Presumably soil fertility is an important determinant of the rate of patch formation by hawkweeds.

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The Role of Fertilizer and 2,4-D in the Control of Pasture Weeds

Cited by 16 publications

References 1 publication

Role of Resources and Disturbance in the Organization of an Old‐Field Plant Community

Role of Resources and Disturbance in the Organization of an Old‐Field Plant Community

Influence of herbivory, competition and soil fertility on the abundance of Cirsium arvense in acid grassland

Response of hawkweed (Hieracium floribundum) patches to NPK fertilizer in an abandoned pasture

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