“…Older research based primarily on samples of middle-class, divorced, and white families found that nonresident fathers' provision of child support, most often measured as formal support, and the quality of father-child relationships were positively associated with various indicators of child well-being (Amato & Gilbreth, 1999). More recent studies, including low-income, unmarried, and more diverse samples of families, have found that nonresident fathers' social involvement and provision of informal and in-kind support may be more beneficial to child well-being than formal child support (Garasky & Stewart, 2007;Nepomnyaschy et al, 2012Nepomnyaschy et al, , 2014Nepomnyaschy et al, , 2020. Overall, a growing body of more recent research suggests that multiple forms of involvement among low-income nonresident fathers promote child health, development, and economic stability, potentially mitigating some of the disadvantages associated with poverty and single parenthood (Adamsons & Johnson, 2013;Carlson & Magnuson, 2011;Choi, 2010;Choi et al, 2018;Choi & Jackson, 2011;Choi & Pyun, 2014;Garasky & Stewart, 2007;Gold et al, 2020;Jackson et al, 2019;Miller et al, 2020;Nepomnyaschy et al, 2012Nepomnyaschy et al, , 2014Nepomnyaschy et al, , 2020Nepomnyaschy & Donnelly, 2015;Nepomnyaschy & Garfinkel, 2011;Tanskanen & Erola, 2017) [Correction added on 19th February 2021, after first online publication: Gold et al, 2020 reference citation was added].…”