The role of eye movements in the size-speed illusion of approaching trains

Clark, Helen; Perrone, John A.; Isler, Robert B.; Charlton, Samuel G.

doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.10.028

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Also, recent studies on speed perception of an oncoming train showed that speed of trains was under-estimated compared to that of a light vehicle Clark et al (2013). This result has been reproduced independently of the possible cognitive bias induced by the type of vehicle and seems to be due to a larger visual scanning pattern Clark et al (2016). Those results are contradictory with former literature on road crossing as participants are less conservative when confronted to large vehicles.…”

Section: Underlying Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…We may explain this contradiction by two hypotheses. First, Clark and colleagues Clark et al (2013Clark et al ( , 2016 investigated only two sizes of vehicle, either a car or a train, thus we cannot exclude that the under-estimated speed eect might be due to an outstandingly large object, while road crossing literature was studying only road vehicles. The second hypothesis is more focused on the nature of the task itself: As said above, our task includes two sub-tasks, namely to intercept the gap and to avoid boundaries, which open new ways to interpret those results.…”

Section: Underlying Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Synchronising self-displacement with a cross-traffic gap: How does the size of traffic vehicles impact continuous speed regulations?

Louveton

Montagne

Berthelon³

2018

Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviou

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Section: Underlying Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Underlying Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchronising self-displacement with a cross-traffic gap: How does the size of traffic vehicles impact continuous speed regulations?

Louveton

Montagne

Berthelon³

2018

Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviou

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“…Rather than calling upon AT estimates, the actual intersection-crossing task could require predictions about the speed of the approaching vehicle(s), so as to match ego speed accordingly. Recent work by Clark et al (2013Clark et al ( , 2016 on the perceived speed of moving objects indicates that a large object appears to move more slowly than a small object moving at the same speed. A lower speed estimation for double-sized vehicles (in comparison to normal-sized ones) could explain the decrease in driving speed produced by the participants in the active intersection-crossing task of Experiment 2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Judging arrival times of incoming traffic vehicles is not a prerequisite for safely crossing an intersection: Differential effects of vehicle size and type in passive judgment and active driving tasks

et al. 2017

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Using a fixed-base driving simulator we compared the effects of the size and type of traffic vehicles (i.e., normal-sized or double-sized cars or motorcycles) approaching an intersection in two different tasks. In the perceptual judgment task, passively moving participants estimated when a traffic vehicle would reach the intersection for actual arrival times (ATs) of 1, 2, or 3s. In line with earlier findings, ATs were generally underestimated, the more so the longer the actual AT. Results revealed that vehicle size affected judgments in particular for the larger actual ATs (2 and 3s), with double-sized vehicles then being judged as arriving earlier than normal-sized vehicles. Vehicle type, on the other hand, affected judgments at the smaller actual ATs (1 and 2s), with cars then being judged as arriving earlier than motorcycles. In the behavioral task participants actively drove the simulator to cross the intersection by passing through a gap in a train of traffic. Analyses of the speed variations observed during the active intersection-crossing task revealed that the size and type of vehicles in the traffic train did not affect driving behavior in the same way as in the AT judgment task. First, effects were considerably smaller, affecting driving behavior only marginally. Second, effects were opposite to expectations based on AT judgments: driver approach speeds were smaller (rather than larger) when confronted with double-sized vehicles as compared to their normal-sized counterparts and when confronted with cars as compared to motorcycles. Finally, the temporality of the effects was different on the two tasks: vehicle size affected driver approach speed in the final stages of approach rather than early on, while vehicle type affected driver approach speed early on rather than later. Overall, we conclude that the active control of approach to the intersection is not based on successive judgments of traffic vehicle arrival times. These results thereby question the general belief that arrival time estimates are crucial for safe interaction with traffic.

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“…Underestimation of the speed of a train approaching a rail level crossing could put road users at risk of being involved in a crash (Leibowitz, 1985;Meeker et al, 1997). For an observer, the travelling speed of a large object typically appears slower than that of a smaller object travelling at the same speed: this is known as the size-speed illusion (Leibowitz, 1985) and has been confirmed using several rail simulator studies (e.g., Clark et al, 2013;Clark et al, 2016;Cohn and Nguyen, 2003).…”

Section: Factors Associated With Drivers' Crossing Behavioursmentioning

confidence: 96%

Is it safe to cross? Identification of trains and their approach speed at level crossings

et al. 2018

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The role of eye movements in the size-speed illusion of approaching trains

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Synchronising self-displacement with a cross-traffic gap: How does the size of traffic vehicles impact continuous speed regulations?

Synchronising self-displacement with a cross-traffic gap: How does the size of traffic vehicles impact continuous speed regulations?

Judging arrival times of incoming traffic vehicles is not a prerequisite for safely crossing an intersection: Differential effects of vehicle size and type in passive judgment and active driving tasks

Is it safe to cross? Identification of trains and their approach speed at level crossings

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