The role of expectations in mental disorders and their treatment

Rief, Winfried; Glombiewski, Julia Anna

doi:10.1002/wps.20427

Cited by 46 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…gery, patients in this arm showed the lowest disability scores six month after surgery (Rief et al, 2017). It is most impressive that such a low dose intervention achieved these striking effects.…”

Section: Results Of Reality Checksmentioning

confidence: 86%

Revisiting the Cognitive Model of Depression: The Role of Expectations

Rief

Joormann

2019

CPE

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The cognitive model of depression was highly stimulating for a better understanding and development of treatment for depression. However, the concept of “cognition” is rather broad and unspecific, and we suggest to focus on the cognitive subset of expectation. We conducted a narrative review on the role of expectations, and present an expectation-focused model of explaining why depression tends to persist despite the occurrence of positive events. Several results from basic neuroscience to effects in clinical interventions indicate that expectations play a special role not only for the understanding of the development of mental disorders and the effects of treatment approaches, but especially for an improved understanding of the persistence of mental disorders. If expectations are a major mechanism of depression, the treatment of depression must maximize the violation of dysfunctional expectations. We also introduce the concept of immunization that describes any cognitive or behavioral strategies to reduce the effect of expectation violation experiences, and hereby contributing to expectation maintenance despite expectation contradicting events. We postulate that the development of immunization strategies could help to better understand the transition from episodic to chronic depression. While in early periods of depression development, a focus on expectation change might be sufficient in treatment, the treatment of patients with chronic depression requires addressing these cognitive and behavioral immunization strategies more intensively. Further implications for treatment and research are outlined that are derived from this balance between expectation violation and cognitive immunization in depression. A focus on “expectations” helps to better understand the maintenance of depression We offer a model that explains why depression persists even in the presence of positive experiences. Many psychological treatments focus on the violation of negative expectations, but cognitive immunization can hinder treatment success. We suggest strategies on how to improve psychological treatments for depression by maximizing expectation violation, and minimizing cognitive immunization. A focus on “expectations” helps to better understand the maintenance of depression We offer a model that explains why depression persists even in the presence of positive experiences. Many psychological treatments focus on the violation of negative expectations, but cognitive immunization can hinder treatment success. We suggest strategies on how to improve psychological treatments for depression by maximizing expectation violation, and minimizing cognitive immunization.

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Section: Results Of Reality Checksmentioning

confidence: 86%

Revisiting the Cognitive Model of Depression: The Role of Expectations

Rief

Joormann

2019

CPE

Self Cite

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“…The results of the current study are also of interest in placebo research. Previous studies have demonstrated that expectancy and anticipation play a central role in the placebo effect (Rief and Glombiewski, 2017), and it has been proposed that expectations about treatment success are the most prominent predictor of outcome in psychopharmacological and psychological interventions (Schedlowski et al, 2015). In our study, given that both groups did not differ in the trait measure of general self-efficacy and that the participants did not receive instructions or training to improve stress regulation, a placebo effect would be driving the enhanced stress regulation in the High Expectancy group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortisol response to stress: The role of expectancy and anticipatory stress regulation

Pulopulos

Baeken

Raedt

2020

Hormones and Behavior

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“…Unless explicitly stated otherwise, we treat the first three of the aforementioned types of beliefs interchangeably. Expectations, however, have been defined as the subset of beliefs relating to the likelihood of future events or experiences (Laferton, Kube, Salzmann, Auer, & Shedden-Mora, 2017; Olson, Roese, & Zanna, 1996; Rief & Glombiewski, 2017); thus, we use the term “expectations” in cases in which this relation to the future is important. In contradistinction to the aforementioned constructs, spontaneously occurring thoughts are not included in beliefs as we treat them in this article.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

When Beliefs Face Reality: An Integrative Review of Belief Updating in Mental Health and Illness

Kube

Rozenkrantz

2020

Perspect Psychol Sci

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Belief updating is a relatively nascent field of research that examines how people adjust their beliefs in light of new evidence. So far, belief updating has been investigated in partly unrelated lines of research from different psychological disciplines. In this article, we aim to integrate these disparate lines of research. After presenting some prominent theoretical frameworks and experimental designs that have been used for the study of belief updating, we review how healthy people and people with mental disorders update their beliefs after receiving new information that supports or challenges their views. Available evidence suggests that both healthy people and people with particular mental disorders are prone to certain biases when updating their beliefs, although the nature of the respective biases varies considerably and depends on several factors. Anomalies in belief updating are discussed in terms of both new insights into the psychopathology of various mental disorders and societal implications, such as irreconcilable political and societal controversies due to the failure to take information into account that disconfirms one’s own view. We conclude by proposing a novel integrative model of belief updating and derive directions for future research.

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The role of expectations in mental disorders and their treatment

Cited by 46 publications

References 12 publications

Revisiting the Cognitive Model of Depression: The Role of Expectations

Revisiting the Cognitive Model of Depression: The Role of Expectations

Cortisol response to stress: The role of expectancy and anticipatory stress regulation

When Beliefs Face Reality: An Integrative Review of Belief Updating in Mental Health and Illness

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