The Role of Exosomes Derived From Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Dermatology

Abstract

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and its main functions include providing protection from external harmful agents, regulating body temperature, and homeostatic maintenance. Skin injuries can damage this important barrier and its functions so research focuses on approaches to accelerate wound healing and treat inflammatory skin diseases. Due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been reported to play a significant role in skin repair and regeneration. However, it seems that the secretome of these cells and exosomes in particular may be responsible for their functions in skin regeneration and the immunomodulation field. The present review aims to gather the available information about the role of MSC-derived exosomes for both in vitro and in vivo models of different skin conditions and to highlight the need for further research in order to overcome any limitations for clinical translation.

Alloreactive Immune Response Associated to Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Treatment: A Systematic Review

“…Tissues associated with birth, such as the placenta, umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid and amnion, are widely available and can be used for therapeutic purposes [3]. Adult MSCs can be be obtained from different tissues although the most widely used are bone marrow, peripheral blood or adipose tissue of patients [4]. The ease of isolation, cultivation, and the high ex vivo expansion potential in line with the numerous therapeutic mechanisms (paracrine pro-regenerative, anti-fibrotic, antiapoptotic, pro-angiogenic and immunomodulatory functions) have contributed to this broad exploitation (Figure 1) [5].…”

“…MSC therapy prevents fibrosis and apoptosis, attracts immune cells to the site of injury and modulates immune responses. There is current evidence showing that MSCs achieve a therapeutic effect in vivo not due to their proliferative and immunomodulatory capacity but also through paracrine signaling [4,7,8]. In 2018, the first marketing authorization for an MSC product was granted by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of complex perianal fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease (CD).…”

“…So, MSCs are considered safe for use in allogeneic settings without concern for immune rejection. The exosomes secreted by MSCs carry DNA, RNA, miRNA, proteins and other factors that act as messengers in intercellular communication [4].…”

High Therapeutic and Esthetic Properties of Extracellular Vesicles Produced from the Stem Cells and Their Spheroids Cultured from Ocular Surgery-Derived Waste Orbicularis Oculi Muscle Tissues

“…It is of note that various reports have shown the implications of MSC-derived EVs in tissue regeneration [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Applications of EVs in disease therapy provide several merits over the parent cells, including the ease of handling and storing at −70 °C for a long time, the enhanced binding capacity with the target cells, the reduced immune rejection and tumor formation, the ease of sterilizing via filtration before injection, and the convenience of handling EVs during therapy because of, for instance, easy to control EVs dose and injection route [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

“…It is of note that the capacity of human MSCs (hMSCs)-derived EVs in the healing of skin wounds is attributed to their robust involvement in regulating cellular proliferation, extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammatory events, angiogenesis, and activation of specific signaling pathways [ 27 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. Various reports have proved the crosslink between EVs and the modulation of pathophysiological events in the skin [ 34 , 47 ].…”