The Role of ET-1 in Early Cerebral Microcirculation Changes after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Abstract

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), especially aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, is a serious cerebrovascular disease with high mortality and morbidity. However, there is no effective treatment in clinics. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that early brain injury (EBI) may be an important reason for poor prognosis of SAH. Explore the mechanism of early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In this study, 20 male New Zealand white rabbits were selected and divided into the experimental group and sham operation group, with 10 rabbits in each group. The neurobehavioral scores, food intake, and cerebral perfusion parameters, cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow velocity (CBF), ET-1, IL-1, and IL-6, in rabbit plasma were compared. The food intake scores and neurological dysfunction scores of the experimental group at 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, and 72 h after modeling were higher than those of the sham operation group, which had a statistical significance ( P < 0.05 ). The dysfunction scores all showed a gradual decrease; the CBV and CBF values of the experimental group at 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, and 72 h after modeling were all lower than those of the sham operation group, which had a statistical significance ( P < 0.05 ), and the MTT values were all higher than that of the sham operation group, which had a statistical significance ( P < 0.05 ). The TTP values of rats in the experimental group were higher than those in the sham operation group at 6 h, 24 h, and 72 h after modeling ( P < 0.05 ), the experimental group was in the modeling. The levels of serum ET-1, IL-1, and IL-6 at 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, and 72 h were higher than those in the sham operation group, which had a statistical significance ( P < 0.05 ). New Zealand white rabbits can have brain perfusion volume disorder, inflammatory reaction, and cerebral vasospasm in the early stage after SAH, and brain injury can appear in the early stage.

Clinical Potential of Immunotherapies in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Treatment: Mechanistic Dissection of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

“…A few studies demonstrated that circulating high mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) increases during acute SAH and blocking HMGB-1 using monoclonal antibodies confers protective functions [127,128]. Some experimental studies observed elevated serum cytokines (MMP-9, IL-1β, and IL-6) and increased inflammatory mediators (TNFα, IL-6, IL-2, and CCL2) post-SAH [129][130][131]. Similar results were observed in SAH patients, where MMP-9 and IL-6 levels were elevated post-SAH, and the serum levels of MMP-9 and IL-6 were associated with the severity and poor prognosis of SAH [132].…”

Retracted: The Role of ET‐1 in Early Cerebral Microcirculation Changes after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [ 1 ]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process: Discrepancies in scope Discrepancies in the description of the research reported Discrepancies between the availability of data and the research described Inappropriate citations Incoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the article Peer-review manipulation …”

“…Tis article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. Tis investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process:…”