The role of ependyma in spinal cord regeneration in the urodele, Triturus

Egar, Margaret; Singer, Marcus

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(72)90085-4

Cited by 178 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The terminal vesicle has in fact long been characterized as a region where an epithelial to mesenchymal transition occurs, and where cells are proposed to delaminate from the ependymal tube to join the surrounding blastema tissue (Benraiss et al, 1997;Egar and Singer, 1972;O'Hara et al, 1992). Our eGFP + spinal cord transplantation and the eGFP + embryonic neural tube grafting experiments allowed us to confirm that cells escape the regenerating spinal cord from this region, as we observe trails of cells emanating from the posterior-dorsal wall of the terminal vesicle.…”

Section: Contribution Of Spinal Cord Cells To Tissues Outside Of the supporting

confidence: 56%

A clonal analysis of neural progenitors during axolotl spinal cord regeneration reveals evidence for both spatially restricted and multipotent progenitors

et al. 2007

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Complete regeneration of the spinal cord occurs after tail regeneration in urodele amphibians such as the axolotl. Little is known about how neural progenitor cells are recruited from the mature tail, how they populate the regenerating spinal cord, and whether the neural progenitor cells are multipotent. To address these issues we used three types of cell fate mapping. By grafting green fluorescent protein-positive (GFP + ) spinal cord we show that a 500 m region adjacent to the amputation plane generates the neural progenitors for regeneration. We further tracked single nuclear-GFP-labeled cells as they proliferated during regeneration, observing their spatial distribution, and ultimately their expression of the progenitor markers PAX7 and PAX6. Most progenitors generate descendents that expand along the anterior/posterior (A/P) axis, but remain close to the dorsal/ventral (D/V) location of the parent. A minority of clones spanned multiple D/V domains, taking up differing molecular identities, indicating that cells can execute multipotency in vivo. In parallel experiments, bulk labeling of dorsally or ventrally restricted progenitor cells revealed that ventral cells at the distal end of the regenerating spinal cord switch to dorsal cell fates. Analysis of PAX7 and PAX6 expression along the regenerating spinal cord indicated that these markers are expressed in dorsal and lateral domains all along the spinal cord except at the distal terminus. These results suggest that neural progenitor identity is destabilized or altered in the terminal vesicle region, from which clear migration of cells into the surrounding blastema is also observed.

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Section: Contribution Of Spinal Cord Cells To Tissues Outside Of the supporting

confidence: 56%

A clonal analysis of neural progenitors during axolotl spinal cord regeneration reveals evidence for both spatially restricted and multipotent progenitors

et al. 2007

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“…Initiation of proliferation starts at the site of injury as well as away from the stump and later proliferating cells migrate towards injury epicenter. Previous work in urodele spinal cord mentioned that the proliferation involves ependymal tissue somewhat distant to the plane of amputation (Egar and Singer, 1972;Nordlander and Singer 1978;Zhang et al, 2000) and that there was the presence of migrating proliferating precursors . We confirm injuryinduced proliferative response as observed by others (Egar and Singer, 1972;Nordlander and Singer, 1978;Zhang et al, 2000;Monaghan et al, 2007) and proliferation as a key event in initiation and maintenance of regenerative response in zebrafish spinal cord.…”

Section: Injury-induced Proliferation and Neurogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular response after crush injury in adult zebrafish spinal cord

Hui

Dutta

Ghosh

2010

Developmental Dynamics

110

169

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*Zebrafish proves to be an excellent model system to study spinal cord regeneration because it can repair its disengaged axons and replace lost cells after injury, allowing the animal to make functional recovery. We have characterized injury response following crush injury, which is comparable to the mammalian mode of injury. Infiltrations of blood cells during early phases involve macrophages that are important in debris clearance and probably in suppression of inflammatory response. Unlike mammals where secondary injury mechanisms lead to apoptotic death of both neurons and glia, here we observe a beneficial role of apoptotic cell death. Injury-induced proliferation, presence of radial glia cells, and their role as progenitor all contribute to cellular replacement and successful neurogenesis after injury in adult zebrafish. Together with cell replacement phenomenon, there is creation of a permissive environment that includes the absence or clearance of myelin debris, presence of Schwann cells, and absence of inflammatory response. Developmental Dynamics 239:2962-2979,

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“…8) using the thymidine analogue bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label cells in the DNA synthesis (Sphase) stage of cell division. The ependymal tube then differentiates, including the generation of glia and neurons that become organized to form a SC with a new normal and functional structure (Butler and Ward, 1967;Egar and Singer, 1972;Iten and Bryant, 1976;Nordlander and Singer, 1978;Singer et al, 1979;Mutin-Martin, 1990;Arsanto et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%