The role of embryology in teratological research, with particular reference to the development of the neural tube and heart

Kaufman, M. H.

doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0620607

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The first movements of erythroblasts correlate temporally with the formation of a beating heart tube and linkage of embryonic and yolk sac vascular systems. 3,7,20,21,57 These data are consistent with reports of the first erythroblasts entering the allantoic vasculature (contiguous with the distal end of the aortae) at 6 to 10 sp. 22 At E8.5 to E9.0 (8-15 sp), we found evidence of increased flow as red blood cells penetrated further into the embryo proper arterial system.…”

Section: Onset Of Circulationsupporting

confidence: 88%

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Circulation is established in a stepwise pattern in the mammalian embryo

McGrath

Koniski

Malik

et al. 2003

Blood

251

217

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To better understand the relationship between the embryonic hematopoietic and vascular systems, we investigated the establishment of circulation in mouse embryos by examining the redistribution of yolk sac-derived primitive erythroblasts and definitive hematopoietic progenitors. Our studies revealed that small numbers of erythroblasts first enter the embryo proper at 4 to 8 somite pairs (sp) (embryonic day 8.25 [E8.25]), concomitant with the proposed onset of cardiac function. Hours later (E8.5), most red cells remained in the yolk sac. Although the number of red cells expanded rapidly in the embryo proper, a steady state of approximately 40% red cells was not reached until 26 to 30 sp (E10). Additionally, erythroblasts were unevenly distributed within the embryo's vasculature before 35 sp. These data suggest that fully functional circulation is established after E10. This timing correlated with vascular remodeling, suggesting that vessel arborization, smooth muscle recruitment, or both are required. We also examined the distribution of committed hematopoietic progenitors during early embryogenesis. Before E8.0, all progenitors were found in the yolk sac. When normalized to circulating erythroblasts, there was a significant enrichment (20-to 5-fold) of progenitors in the yolk sac compared with the embryo proper from E9.5 to E10.5. These results indicated that the yolk sac vascular network remains a site of progenitor production and preferential adhesion even as the fetal liver becomes a hematopoietic organ. We conclude that a functional vascular system develops gradually and that specialized vascular-hematopoietic environments exist after circulation becomes fully established. IntroductionA functional circulatory system is an early requirement for survival and growth of the mammalian embryo and is the first organ system to develop in the embryo. 1 The circulatory system is composed of vascular, hematopoietic, and cardiac components, each formed from discrete regions of mesoderm. The first endothelial cells and blood cells are generated in yolk sac blood islands beginning at embryonic day 7 (E7.0) in the mouse. By E8.0, thousands of nucleated primitive red blood cells have formed within a vascular plexus in the yolk sac. [2][3][4] Concurrently, the aorta and the peristaltic beating heart tube form in the embryo proper. In the next 36 hours, there is a remarkable increase in complexity of vascular and hematopoietic systems. The vascular plexus remodels and expands into an arborized network of specialized arteries and veins. Primitive erythroblasts from the yolk sac continue to divide and mature, and a second wave of hematopoiesis creating definitive (adultlike) progenitors originates in the yolk sac. 5,6 Thus, the early vascular system is the hematopoietic environment for primitive and definitive lineages until the specialized stromal microenvironment of the fetal liver (beginning E10), and later the adult bone marrow, is available. However, the nature of any specific interactions between early embryonic hematopo...

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Section: Onset Of Circulationsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The transition to a looped peristaltic beating heart occurs by 8 sp. 7,20,21 Increasing circulation within the embryo proper does not achieve a steady-state density of red blood cells until E10…”

Section: Changes In Distribution Of Red Blood Cells Are Precisely Temmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulation is established in a stepwise pattern in the mammalian embryo

McGrath

Koniski

Malik

et al. 2003

Blood

251

217

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“…A further complexity in the mechanical context of closure of the cranial neural tube is the development of the optic sulci in the forebrain. These begin as indentations in the neuroepithelium and balloon outward toward the surface ectoderm as the forebrain neural folds elevate toward each other, so that the apposed forebrain folds resemble a pair of castanets [ 104 ] (Figure 5c in [ 105 ] and Figures 19 and 20 in [ 106 ]). This contrasts with the relative simplicity of the shape of the spinal neural folds during elevation and leads to the question whether the process of shaping the neuroepithelium to form optic sulci affects the process of neural fold elevation that occurs concurrently.…”

Section: The Cranial Neural Tubementioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Etiology of Mammalian Neural Tube Closure Defects from Developmental, Genetic and Evolutionary Studies

Juriloff

Harris

2018

JDB

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The human neural tube defects (NTD), anencephaly, spina bifida and craniorachischisis, originate from a failure of the embryonic neural tube to close. Human NTD are relatively common and both complex and heterogeneous in genetic origin, but the genetic variants and developmental mechanisms are largely unknown. Here we review the numerous studies, mainly in mice, of normal neural tube closure, the mechanisms of failure caused by specific gene mutations, and the evolution of the vertebrate cranial neural tube and its genetic processes, seeking insights into the etiology of human NTD. We find evidence of many regions along the anterior–posterior axis each differing in some aspect of neural tube closure—morphology, cell behavior, specific genes required—and conclude that the etiology of NTD is likely to be partly specific to the anterior–posterior location of the defect and also genetically heterogeneous. We revisit the hypotheses explaining the excess of females among cranial NTD cases in mice and humans and new developments in understanding the role of the folate pathway in NTD. Finally, we demonstrate that evidence from mouse mutants strongly supports the search for digenic or oligogenic etiology in human NTD of all types.

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“…The numerous teratogenic agents that can exert their effects through the maternal physiology will not be considered further, as they have been well reviewed by Morriss (1979) and are discussed by Kaufman (1981).…”

Section: Environmental Insultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of maternal effects on development in mammals

McLaren¹

1981

Reproduction

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The role of embryology in teratological research, with particular reference to the development of the neural tube and heart

Cited by 14 publications

References 56 publications

Circulation is established in a stepwise pattern in the mammalian embryo

Circulation is established in a stepwise pattern in the mammalian embryo

Insights into the Etiology of Mammalian Neural Tube Closure Defects from Developmental, Genetic and Evolutionary Studies

Analysis of maternal effects on development in mammals

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