The Role of Eicosanoids in Inflammation and Allergy

Jonsson, Erland; Dahlén, Sven‐Erik

doi:10.1002/9783527613625.ch9

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 294 publications

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“…These include inhibition of mediator release from macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, basophils, and lymphocytes (59). PGE 2 and other eicosanoids can downregulate macrophage function, including phagocytosis (74,103,128,130).…”

Section: Eicosanoids and Immunomodulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Eicosanoids and Other Oxylipins by Pathogenic Eukaryotic Microbes

2003

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Oxylipins are oxygenated metabolites of fatty acids. Eicosanoids are a subset of oxylipins and include the prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are potent regulators of host immune responses. Host cells are one source of eicosanoids and oxylipins during infection; however, another potential source of eicosanoids is the pathogen itself. A broad range of pathogenic fungi, protozoa, and helminths produce eicosanoids and other oxylipins by novel synthesis pathways. Why do these organisms produce oxylipins? Accumulating data suggest that phase change and differentiation in these organisms are controlled by oxylipins, including prostaglandins and lipoxygenase products. The precise role of pathogen-derived eicosanoids in pathogenesis remains to be determined, but the potential link between pathogen eicosanoids and the development of TH2 responses in the host is intriguing. Mammalian prostaglandins and leukotrienes have been studied extensively, and these molecules can modulate Th1 versus Th2 immune responses, chemokine production, phagocytosis, lymphocyte proliferation, and leukocyte chemotaxis. Thus, eicosanoids and oxylipins (host or microbe) may be mediators of a direct host-pathogen “cross-talk” that promotes chronic infection and hypersensitivity disease, common features of infection by eukaryotic pathogens

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Section: Eicosanoids and Immunomodulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Eicosanoids and Other Oxylipins by Pathogenic Eukaryotic Microbes

2003

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“…PGs can promote Th2-type responses and tissue eosinophilia (8,18,23,28). LTs are most notable for their involvement in the recruitment of leukocytes (neutrophils and eosinophils) (10,12). Members of our laboratory recently reported the production of bioactive eicosanoids by C. neoformans (21).…”

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confidence: 99%

Role ofPLB1in Pulmonary Inflammation and Cryptococcal Eicosanoid Production

et al. 2003

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Cryptococcal phospholipase (PLB1) is a secreted enzyme with lysophospholipase hydrolase and lysophospholipase transacylase activities. To investigate the role of PLB1 in the evasion of host immune responses, we characterized pulmonary immune responses to the parental (H99), the plb1 mutant, and the plb1 rec reconstituted mutant strains of Cryptococcus neoformans in mice. PLB1 was required for virulence during infection acquired via the respiratory tract. Mice infected with either H99 or the plb1 rec strain generated a nonprotective inflammatory response with subsequent eosinophilia, while mice infected with the plb1 mutant generated a protective immune response that controlled the infection. Because PLB1 is believed to facilitate virulence through host cell lysis, we examined the interaction of these strains with macrophages. The plb1 rec mutant exhibited decreased survival during coculture with macrophages. One factor which may be involved in the survival of yeast in the presence of macrophages is fungal eicosanoid production. Host eicosanoids have been shown to down-modulate macrophage functions. plb1 exhibited a defect in eicosanoid production derived from exogenous arachidonoyl-phosphatidylcholine, suggesting that PLB1 is required for the release of arachidonic acid from phospholipids. These data suggest that cryptococcal PLB1 may act as a virulence factor by enhancing the ability to survive macrophage antifungal defenses, possibly by facilitating fungal eicosanoid production.

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“…Prostaglandins can inhibit Th1 type immune responses, chemokine production, phagocytosis, and lymphocyte proliferation (3,9,11,14,17,19,20). Leukotrienes are potent leukocyte chemotactic factors (7). Prostaglandins and leukotrienes can also promote Th2 type responses and tissue eosinophilia (4,7,11,14,18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fungal infections are most notable for their chronicity (e.g., dermatophyte infections) and nonprotective or injurious inflammatory responses (e.g., dermatophytoses, subcutaneous mycoses, and vaginal candidiasis). In mammals, prostaglandins and leukotrienes can play a dual role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, both promoting and counteracting inflammatory processes (7,12). All fungal pathogens examined produced prostaglandins and leukotrienes in the absence and presence of extracellular AA (Tables 1 and 2), thereby representing the potential for both de novo and "trans-species" metabolic production of eicosanoids during infection (during infection, exogenous AA could be generated via the action of fungal phospholipases on host phospholipids) (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leukotrienes are potent leukocyte chemotactic factors (7). Prostaglandins and leukotrienes can also promote Th2 type responses and tissue eosinophilia (4,7,11,14,18). In the context of antifungal immunity, chronic or disseminating fungal infections will result if the early Th1/ Th2 balance of cellular immunity is shifted away from Th1 toward Th2 type responses (16).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Production of Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes by Pathogenic Fungi

2002

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These studies demonstrate that pathogenic fungi (dermatophytic, subcutaneous, and systemic) have the ability to produce eicosanoids both from simple metabolites and from arachidonic acid. Host-derived eicosanoids have been previously demonstrated to enhance fungal colonization and atopic disease development. Thus, fungus-derived eicosanoids represent a potential class of novel virulence factors.Eicosanoids are potent regulators of host immune responses (14). Eicosanoids are oxygenated metabolites of dihomo-␥-linolenic, arachidonic, or eicosanopentaenoic acid and include the prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Prostaglandins (e.g., prostaglandin D 2 [PGD 2 ], PGE 2 , and PGF 2␣ ) are produced via the initial action of prostaglandin G/H synthase (cyclooxygenase) followed by specific prostaglandin synthases. Leukotrienes are produced via a lipoxygenase (LOX) followed by conversion into leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) and the cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC 4 , LTD 4 , and LTE 4

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The Role of Eicosanoids in Inflammation and Allergy

Cited by 4 publications

References 294 publications

Production of Eicosanoids and Other Oxylipins by Pathogenic Eukaryotic Microbes

Production of Eicosanoids and Other Oxylipins by Pathogenic Eukaryotic Microbes

Role ofPLB1in Pulmonary Inflammation and Cryptococcal Eicosanoid Production

Production of Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes by Pathogenic Fungi

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