Abstract:Purpose: The etiology of bipolar disorder (BD), a most debilitating mental illness worldwide, focuses on childhood traumatic experiences, some concerning parents. This study explored the role of early toxic interaction with fathers in males with BD.Methods: This qualitative study used a descriptive phenomenological approach and purposive sampling in Tehran, Iran, in 2022. The data were generated through 12 semi-structured interviews with males with BD who visited psychiatric centers in Tehran, Iran. The interv… Show more
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