The Role of Drug Metabolism in Toxicity

Davis, Carl D.; Hanumegowda, Umesh

doi:10.1002/9780470571224.pse120

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 310 publications

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“…If the reactive species formed in the CYP are able to escape the active site and bind covalently to other proteins or nucleic acids, this can culminate in adverse drug reactions and toxicity. 116 Indeed, in the majority of cases, toxicity is caused by the actions of such reactive metabolites, rather than by the parent chemicals. 116 Generation of such ROMs is also a major reason for the failure of many drugs in pre- and postclinical trials.…”

Section: Cytochrome P450 Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bystander signaling via oxidative metabolism

Sawal¹,

Asghar²,

Bureik³

et al. 2017

OTT

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The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is the initiation of biological end points in cells (bystander cells) that are not directly traversed by an incident-radiation track, but are in close proximity to cells that are receiving the radiation. RIBE has been indicted of causing DNA damage via oxidative stress, besides causing direct damage, inducing tumorigenesis, producing micronuclei, and causing apoptosis. RIBE is regulated by signaling proteins that are either endogenous or secreted by cells as a means of communication between cells, and can activate intracellular or intercellular oxidative metabolism that can further trigger signaling pathways of inflammation. Bystander signals can pass through gap junctions in attached cell lines, while the suspended cell lines transmit these signals via hormones and soluble proteins. This review provides the background information on how reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as bystander signals. Although ROS have a very short half-life and have a nanometer-scale sphere of influence, the wide variety of ROS produced via various sources can exert a cumulative effect, not only in forming DNA adducts but also setting up signaling pathways of inflammation, apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, aging, and even tumorigenesis. This review outlines the sources of the bystander effect linked to ROS in a cell, and provides methods of investigation for researchers who would like to pursue this field of science.

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Section: Cytochrome P450 Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 116 Indeed, in the majority of cases, toxicity is caused by the actions of such reactive metabolites, rather than by the parent chemicals. 116 Generation of such ROMs is also a major reason for the failure of many drugs in pre- and postclinical trials. 69 …”

Section: Cytochrome P450 Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bystander signaling via oxidative metabolism

Sawal¹,

Asghar²,

Bureik³

et al. 2017

OTT

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“…The American Academy of Pediatrics estimates that compliance in children is as low as 53%, indicating that children frequently fail to take medications properly. Noncompliance can lead to: (1)persistent symptoms, (2) need for additional doctor visits or even hospitalizations, (3) worsening of condition, (4) need for additional medications, (5) increased healthcare costs and (6) development of drug-resistant organisms in cases of infectious diseases [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sweet, umami, and bitter tastes are triggered by the binding of molecules to G protein-coupled receptors on the cell membranes of taste buds. Saltiness and sourness are perceived when alkali metal or hydrogen ions enter taste buds, respectively [4].As taste senses both harmful and beneficial things, all basic tastes are classified as either aversive or appetitive, depending upon the effect the things they sense have on our bodies [5].Sweetness helps to identify energy-rich foods, while bitterness serves as a warning sign of poisons [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prodrugs for Masking the Bitter Taste of Drugs

Karaman

2014

Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery

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“…By coordinating the right type of coating material it is possible to completely mask the taste of a bitter drug, while at the same time, not adversely affecting the intended drug release profile 50 . Any nontoxic polymer that is insoluble at pH 7.4 and soluble at acidic pH would be an acceptable alternative for taste masking 51 . This technology involves softening the active blend using the solvent mixture of watersoluble polyethylene glycol, using methanol and expulsion of softened mass through the extruder or syringe to get a cylinder of the product into even segments using heated blade to form tablets.…”

Section: >10andpercent;mentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2010

IJPSR

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Oral Disintegrating Drug Delivery Systems (ODDDS) have the unique property of rapidly disintegrating and/or dissolving and releasing the drug as soon as they come in contact with saliva, thus obviating the requirement of water during administration. Methods to improve patient's compliance have always attracted scientists towards the development of fancy oral drug delivery systems. Among them, oral disintegrating drug delivery systems (ODDDS) have acquired an important position in the market by overcoming previously encountered administration problems and contributing to extension of patient life, which includes dysphagic, bed ridden, psychic, geriatric and pediatric patients. This review describes the various technologies developed for ODTs, different patented technologies and their products, disintegrated employed and their mechanism of action, taste masking methods and evaluation tests.

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The Role of Drug Metabolism in Toxicity

Cited by 4 publications

References 310 publications

Bystander signaling via oxidative metabolism

Bystander signaling via oxidative metabolism

Prodrugs for Masking the Bitter Taste of Drugs

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