The role of dietary antioxidants in type 2 diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders: An assessment of the benefit profile

Fatima, Mahvish; Bhat, Ajaz A.; Nisar, Sabah; Fakhro, Khalid; Akil, Ammira Al‐Shabeeb

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12698

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 216 publications

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“…The consumption of high-calorie/high-fat ultra-processed foods by children and adolescents is strongly associated with obesity [31,32] and obesity, in turn, is associated with chronic OxS [25]. OxS has emerged as an important mechanism for the initiation of prediabetes and for promoting T2D progression [3,4,7]. In Section 2 of this review, we outline the biochemistry of GSH and its central role as an antioxidant important in modulating OxS and T2D.…”

Section: The Etiology Of T2dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antioxidant-based therapy may, therefore, have potential benefits [2]. An ever-increasing body of evidence supports the role of OxS in T2D pathogenesis [3][4][5]. OxS is usually defined as Sa physiologically significant alteration in redox status resulting from an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or a deficiency in antioxidant protective mechanisms [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Glutathione and Its Precursors in Type 2 Diabetes

Tuell,

Ford,

Los

et al. 2024

Antioxidants

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Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major worldwide health crisis affecting about 6.2% of the world’s population. Alarmingly, about one in five children in the USA have prediabetes. Glutathione (GSH) and its precursors play a promising role in the prevention and management of type T2D. Oxidative stress (OxS) is a probable factor in both T2D initiation and progression. GSH is the major cytosolic water-soluble chemical antioxidant and emerging evidence supports its role in improving T2D outcomes. Dietary supplementation with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and/or glycine (GLY), which are GSH precursors, has also been studied for possible beneficial effects on T2D. This review will focus on the underlying pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms linking GSH and its precursors with T2D and OxS. In addition to their traditional antioxidant roles, the in vivo effects of GSH/NAC/GLY supplements will be evaluated for their potential abilities to modulate the complex pro-oxidant pathophysiological factors (e.g., hyperglycemia) driving T2D progression. Positive feedback loops that amplify OxS over long time intervals are likely to result in irreversible T2D micro- and macro-vascular damage. Most clinical studies with GSH/NAC/GLY have focused on adults or the elderly. Future research with pediatric populations should be a high priority since early intervention is critical.

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Section: The Etiology Of T2dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Glutathione and Its Precursors in Type 2 Diabetes

Tuell,

Ford,

Los

et al. 2024

Antioxidants

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“…Both of these fruits are known for being major sources of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds [ 8 , 9 ]. These are considered responsible for desirable health properties such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant activities [ 9 , 10 ], which are proven to have a significant role in the prevention of diseases such as cancer [ 11 ], diabetes [ 12 ], age-related functional decline [ 13 ], cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s [ 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolics Profile of Portuguese Traditional Cultivars of Apples and Pears and Their By-Products: On the Way to Newer Applications

Teixeira

Mateus

Lara

et al. 2023

Foods

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Pears (Pyrus communis L.) and apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) are two of the most popular fruits worldwide. The phenolic compounds they offer are associated with human health benefits due to their antioxidant properties. Since these fruits’ by-products are not yet fully exploited, it is important to characterize them, especially in terms of their antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant properties of old traditional cultivars, six regional pear cultivars and five regional apple cultivars grown in the Alcobaça region (Portugal). Antioxidant capacity assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties. Generally, the antioxidant capacity, total phenolics content (TPC), and total flavonoids content (TFC) of fruit byproducts (both seeds and peels) were higher than the corresponding mesocarp, indicating their potential as sources of beneficial antioxidant compounds. Moreover, a UHPLC-ToF-MS method was optimized and validated in order to quantify 21 distinct phenolics in these fruit samples. The analytical method’s suitability for quantifying phenolic compounds was demonstrated by an evaluation of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision and accuracy. This method was used to determine the phenolic composition of samples of regional (local) cultivars. The phenolics in the fruit samples with the highest concentrations were phlorizin and chlorogenic acid. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to separate distinct fruit species while emphasizing their similarities and differences.

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“…For T2DM in later life, a regional study of the Ukraine famine together with local studies of the Dutch Famine of 1944-45, the Chinese Famine of 1959-61 and three famines in 20th century Austria all suggest a relation with prenatal nutrition. [6][7][8][9][10][11] We previously reported a 1.5-fold increase in T2DM in Ukraine among men and women born in four oblasts with extreme famine and a 1.3-fold increase in three oblasts with severe famine. 9 As potential limitations we noted that the population at risk for T2DM was defined by survivors included in the 2001 Ukraine census and that the study covered only nine out of 24 oblasts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term impact of pre-natal exposure to the Ukraine famine of 1932-1933 on adult type 2 diabetes mellitus

Lumey,

Li,

Khalangot

et al. 2023

Preprint

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ImportanceThe long-term impacts of early-life famine exposure on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) have been widely documented across countries, but it remains less clear what is the critical time window and if there is a dose-response between famine intensity and risk of T2DM.ObjectiveTo establish the relation between prenatal famine exposure and adult Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).DesignA national cross-sectional study.SettingThe man-made Ukrainian Holodomor famine of 1932-1933.ParticipantsA total number of 128,225 T2DM cases diagnosed at age 40 or over from the national diabetes register 2000-2008 in Ukraine. The population at risk includes 10,186,016 Soviet Ukraine births (excepting one oblast/province) between 1930-1938 classified by month and year and oblast of birth.ExposureBirths born in January-June 1934 from oblasts that experienced extreme, severe, or significant famine in 1932-1933. Famine intensity was measured based on the excess mortality during the famine.Main Outcomes and MeasuresT2DM diagnosis was based on WHO (1999) criteria.ResultsWe observed in univariate analysis a 1.8-fold increase in T2DM (OR 1.80; 95% CI 1.74-1.85) among individuals born in the first half-year of 1934 in regions with extreme, severe, or significant famine. We observed no increase among individuals born in regions with no famine. In multivariate analysis across regions and adjusting for season of birth we observed a larger than 2-fold increase (OR 2.21; 95% CI 2.00-2.45). There was a dose-response by famine intensity, with ORs increasing from 1.94 to 2.39 across regions. The pattern was similar in men and women.Conclusions and RelevanceBirths in the first half-year of 1934 were conceived at the height of the Ukraine famine in 1933. This relation for T2DM outcomes points to early gestation as a critical time window relating maternal nutrition in pregnancy to offspring health in later life. Further studies of biological mechanisms should focus on this time window for which changes in DNA methylation and later body size have also been observed.Key PointsQuestionWhat is the critical time window for early-life famine exposure on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)? Is there any dose-response relationship between early-life famine exposure and T2DM?FindingsWe found an increased risk of T2DM (Odds Ratio 2.21; 95% CI 2.00-2.45) among individuals born during the first half-year of 1934. A clear dose-response relationship was observed using excess mortality as a measure of famine intensity.MeaningEarly gestation is a critical time window relating maternal undernutrition in pregnancy to offspring health in later life.

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The role of dietary antioxidants in type 2 diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders: An assessment of the benefit profile

Cited by 19 publications

References 216 publications

The Role of Glutathione and Its Precursors in Type 2 Diabetes

The Role of Glutathione and Its Precursors in Type 2 Diabetes

Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolics Profile of Portuguese Traditional Cultivars of Apples and Pears and Their By-Products: On the Way to Newer Applications

Long-term impact of pre-natal exposure to the Ukraine famine of 1932-1933 on adult type 2 diabetes mellitus

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