The Role of Diet and Nutrient Composition in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

McCarthy, Erin; Rinella, Mary E.

doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.10.007

Cited by 141 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…Furthermore, those with NAFLD were more likely to report having the unhealthiest eating habits (eating processed foods and/or foods with a high content of fat, salt and sugar or corn syrup) and reported eating more frequently at restaurants 106 . Other studies focused on the nutritional assessments of patients with NAFLD have further documented increased consump tion of low nutrient, high sodium and high fat foods, especially diets high in meat derived fats and lower amounts of fresh fruits 107,108 . In addition to these dietary habits, individ uals with fatty liver were found to have very low physical activity levels and increased sitting times compared with healthy individuals [109][110][111] .…”

Section: Risk Factors: Nature or Nurture?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention

Younossi

Anstee

Marietti³

et al. 2017

Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol

3,986

3,198

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Section: Risk Factors: Nature or Nurture?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention

Younossi

Anstee

Marietti³

et al. 2017

Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol

3,986

3,198

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“…Nutritional investigations implicate certain diets, such as high carbohydrate plus low fat and high fat plus low protein to be causal in NAFLD ( 14,15 ). More recent evidence points towards a possible role for dietary factors in nonobese individuals as well ( 16 ).…”

Section: Pagadala and Mcculloughmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Asian populations, including Koreans, have a predominant rice-based diet leading to increased carbohydrate and lower fat consumption as compared with the typical diet in the United States and Europe. Patients with MetS and NAFLD tend to have a higher consumption of carbohydrates and less fat in their diet ( 14,17,18 ). Even under isocaloric conditions, a diet enriched in carbohydrates causes IR, hyper triglyceridemia, and increased de novo lipogenesis contributing to fatty liver ( 14,19 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recent evidence points towards a possible role for dietary factors in nonobese individuals as well ( 16 ). It is interesting to note that though, Kwon et al ( 6 ) adjusted for lifestyle interventions, including exercise and smoking status between the two groups, they did not factor in dietary variables, which made it diffi cult to delineate the role of nutritional status in the study ' s outcome ( 6 ) ( 14,19 ). More recently, a possible role for dietary cholesterol in the pathogenesis of NAFLD has been suggested ( 16 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Editorial: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Obesity: Not All About Body Mass Index

Pagadala

McCullough

2012

American Journal of Gastroenterology

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Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) are typically obese and confounded by the metabolic syndrome. The body mass index (BMI) is often used as a surrogate marker of obesity defi ned as a BMI >30 λ kg / m 2 . However, it is now apparent that it is the distribution of body fat (not total fat) that is associated with NAFLD. Many patients (as many as 25 % ) with NAFLD are nonobese. This is particularly true in Asians who have a signifi cantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes even among those with a normal BMI. It is important for clinicians to be aware that these " metabolically obese " NAFLD patients should be monitored for the metabolic syndrome and its associated adverse outcomes irrespective of their BMI. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107:1859 -1861 doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized worldwide as the most common cause of chronic liver disease. Th e spectrum of the disease ranges from simple steatosis, which has a more benign course to the histological severe steatohepatitis (NASH), a pathological entity associated with an increased risk for developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma ( 1 ). Although the precise pathogenesis of NAFLD remains incompletely defi ned and is being investigated, the most widely accepted pathophysiologic model for NAFLD is the " two-hit hypothesis " ( 2 ). Th e fi rst hit involves the development of steatosis, which is closely linked with the development of insulin resistance (IR) ( 3 ). Th e second hit in certain susceptible individuals is associated with the progression of steatosis to NASH, attributed to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, which upregulates pro-infl ammatory cytokines and apoptosis further activating hepatic stellate leading to advanced fi brosis. IR is an important pathogenic link in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is defi ned by: glucose intolerance, arterial hypertension, elevated triglycerides, low highdensity lipoproteins and increased waist circumference (WC). NAFLD is increasingly being considered to be a hepatic manifestation of MetS ( 2 ).Obesity, as classifi ed by the body mass index (BMI), has become a worldwide concern reaching epidemic proportions. While obesity in the United States is defi ned by BMI 30 kg / m 2 , this cutoff is not universal and diff erent classifi cations exist based on racial phenotypic characterizations. Obesity represents a state of chronic low-grade infl ammation that exists in peripheral fat depots. Th is observation is based on the presence of increased circulatory proinfl ammatory cytokines (adipokines), such as: TNF-α , IL-6, IL-8, MCP, CRP, and decreased anti-infl ammatory adipokines such as adiponectin and IL-10. Th is phenomenon is thought to be causal in the development of IR and MetS ( 4 ). Obesity, IR, and MetS (independent of BMI) is strongly associated with NAFLD and severity of the disease ( 5 ). Th e rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity and MetS has also led to the rise in the associated co-morbid condition...

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“…28 The consumption of fructose is associated with the rising prevalence of NAFLD, obesity, and T2DM. 29 A diet rich in fructose reduces sensitivity to hepatic insulin, may influence the central nervous system, and is correlated with increased energy consumption and weight gain. [29][30][31][32] However, the role of fructose consumption and its metabolic effects on the pathogenesis of NAFLD are controversially discussed.…”

Section: Sex and Gender Aspects Of Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female Dietary Patterns and the Pathogenesis of NAFLD

Hörist-Kollmann¹,

Strametz-Juranek²

2018

Gender and the Genome

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In Europe as well as the United States, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease and is strongly associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is defined as a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Being a very powerful and independent cardiovascular risk factor, NAFLD increases cardiovascular and overall mortality to a significant degree. The purpose of this review was to determine sex-and gender-specific differences in the prevalence and pathogenesis of NAFLD and delineate the specific characteristics of NAFLD as a systemic disease in men and women. Postmenopausal women and women with endocrine disorders such as the polycystic ovarian syndrome are at high risk of developing NAFLD. The increasing incidence of female NAFLD after menopause appears to be related to reduced estrogen and increased testosterone levels, as well as changes in the distribution of fatty tissue. Finally, the role of genderspecific nutrition patterns in the pathogenesis of NAFLD will be discussed. Fructose consumption from industrialized products is a promoter of NAFLD, depending on the total daily calorie intake of macronutrients. A higher level of health literacy and conscious food behavior have been noted among women of all age groups compared to males, which could play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Health professionals are confronted with the challenges of early diagnosis by the use of sensitive, reliable, and noninvasive diagnostic tools, including screening algorithms for high-risk persons and providing gender-specific nutritional support as a crucial element of treatment and disease prevention.Keywords NAFLD and women, prevalence and epidemiology of NAFLD, gender nutrition patterns, and fructose and NAFLD

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The Role of Diet and Nutrient Composition in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Cited by 141 publications

References 112 publications

Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention

Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention

Editorial: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Obesity: Not All About Body Mass Index

Female Dietary Patterns and the Pathogenesis of NAFLD

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