“…Of the four levers, the focus of the present study is on the role of interactive control in enhancing employee’s psychological empowerment and proactive behaviors for two reasons. First, there has been a greater emphasis in the literature on the relationship between the interactive and diagnostic use of MCS than on the interactive use alone (Bisbe et al , 2019; Grafton et al , 2010; Müller-Stewens et al , 2020). Second, prior studies indicate that the interactive use of MCS promotes searching and learning for strategy formation and innovation by facilitating dialogue between managers and subordinates (Bisbe and Otley, 2004; Ferreira and Otley, 2009; Gond et al , 2012; Simons, 1994b; Tessier and Otley, 2012), especially in uncertain environments (Simons, 1995) such as hospitals.…”