The Role of Cultural Distance in Mediating the Host Gaze

Moufakkir, Omar

doi:10.1177/1468797611412065

Cited by 61 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…For example, in urban Lhasa, "foreigners" were most preferred as visitors to the world heritage sites and religious sites, while "Han people from middle and west China" were preferred more for non-religious sites and buying Tibetan medicine. This finding revealed that the young hosts have formed some stereotypes towards different groups of tourists, which might mediate by cultural distance in a nuanced way (Moufakkir, 2011). Meanwhile, this finding supported the idea that hosts are selective in showing off their cultures, and in some situations, they build "front stages" for tourists and "back stages" for themselves (MacCannell, 1973).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…For example, Huang and Lee (2010) studied visual evidence from the documentary Cannibal Tours (1988), and examined the diverse gazes (including tourist gaze, the local gaze and the second gaze) in the context of tourism. Moufakkir (2011) checked the mediating function of cultural distances during the local gaze by empirically assessing how Dutch hosts differently viewed German tourists and Asian tourists.…”

Section: Literature Review: Host Gaze Towards Touristsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tourists to Lhasa, Tibet: How Local Youth Classify, Understand and Respond to Different Types of Travelers

Pearce

2013

Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research

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Local residents in tourism communities are observers of those who gaze at them. This research extends host gaze studies using an emic approach. It explores how tourists are viewed in three different settings in the context of Lhasa, Tibet. The young Tibetans viewing tourists in these three different settings have different economic and social backgrounds. They also have different degrees of exposure to tourists. The study offers baseline information on how tourists are differently understood within Tibet across nationality differences. It was demonstrated that three different groups of young Tibetans variously use ethnic origins, travel and transport arrangement, and how tourists are hosted to develop their different classifications. Tolerance towards most types of tourists is high, though it varies subtly for different groups. These core perspectives can be helpful in establishing not only how Tibetan tourism is viewed but also how it can be managed and developed in the future.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Literature Review: Host Gaze Towards Touristsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourists to Lhasa, Tibet: How Local Youth Classify, Understand and Respond to Different Types of Travelers

Pearce

2013

Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research

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“…Long-haul international travel by Asian tourists is still mostly practiced in groups (Moufakkir, 2011;Wong and Kwong, 2004). Japanese overseas tourists set this pattern from early on (Carlile, 1996), and it was also adapted by long-haul tourists from other Asian countries such as China, Korea, Thailand and Indonesia (March, 2000).…”

Section: Constellations Of Long-haul International Tourism From the Ementioning

confidence: 99%

A mobilities approach to tourism from emerging world regions

Cohen

2014

Current Issues in Tourism

131

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Increasing numbers of people from the emerging world regions, Asia, Latin America, Africa and the Middle East engage in tourism practices at domestic, intra-regional and long-haul international scales. In this article we deploy an innovative application of the mobilities approach, which we argue moves beyond the Eurocentrism implicit in modernist tourism studies, in a comparative analysis of tourism in and from these regions and those in the 'West'. Our analysis opens up the systematic study of tourism in emerging world regions in terms of the mobilities paradigm, and concludes: one, travel had a multiplicity of origins in societies in the emerging regions, but most did not possess an equivalent emic term to 'tourism.' Two, tourism at domestic and intraregional levels tends to be entangled with other discretionary mobilities, whereas the long-haul level is more differentiated. Three, the development of domestic discretionary travel in emerging regions can be represented by four overlapping 'mobility constellations'. Four, there are significant historical differences between the regions in their long-haul mobility constellations, although their kinetic hierarchies are all still steep. Five, forms of movement and associated practices of discretionary travellers from the emerging regions and Western countries became increasingly similar under the impact of socio-technological, economic and cultural globalisation. Six, differences between the emerging regions, particularly Asia, and the West are most salient on the emic level of representations of international travel: the specific cultural motive forces for tourism do not centre on authenticity-seeking, but are instead bound up with prestige and markers of modernity.

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“…Within the tourism field, cultural distance has been used to explain guest and host interaction in tourism services from the hosts' perspective (Moufakkir, 2011), behavior of travelers (Crotts, 2004), and destination choice (Ng, Lee & Soutar, 2007) Ng et al presented here, the travel experiences and preferences of the participants is likely a player in these results as well.…”

Section: Tourism Research Related To Cultural Distancementioning

confidence: 90%

Enlightened Travelers? Cultural Attitudes, Competencies, and Study Abroad

Pachmayer

Andereck²

2019

Tourism Culture & Communication

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In this study the impact of outside the classroom activities and experiences of study abroad participants on cultural attitude change and perceived cultural competence was investigated. Motives to participate, expectations and outcomes of study abroad programs were also explored. The study used a mixed methods approach and was conducted in three parts including an exploratory sequential component followed by a concurrent embedded component. The exploratory sequential component included a photo elicitation project, the results of which contributed both to the results of the study and the development of the questionnaire used in the concurrent embedded component. The concurrent embedded component used a pre and post-test survey design and included a qualitative writing exercise with select participants between the completion of their pre and post-test questionnaires. The results suggest that study abroad participation does result in changes in both participants' cultural attitudes and cultural competency. It was hypothesized that length of time abroad and the cultural distance of the host countrywould have an influence on the change in cultural attitudes and cultural competency. As found in previous research, length of time abroad was not found to be a major contributing factor to this change when considering the results of the pre and post-test survey. However, the results of the qualitative studies resulted in many questions about the impact of length abroad. Participants in longer-term programs discussed changes in their cultural attitudes in a more complex way than short-term participants. Longer-term participants expressed changes in their cultural competency differently as well, though not in a way that it can be conclusively said they were more culturally competent. The reverse was the case for cultural distance. Cultural distance was a factor in the changes ii in cultural competency, however not in cultural attitudes when considering the results of the quantitative component. The qualitative results seem to bring up more questions.While shorter-term participants discussed cultural competency differently than longerterm participants, surprisingly the short-term programs had a higher percentage of participants studying in countries with large cultural distance than did long-term programs.iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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The Role of Cultural Distance in Mediating the Host Gaze

Cited by 61 publications

References 47 publications

Tourists to Lhasa, Tibet: How Local Youth Classify, Understand and Respond to Different Types of Travelers

Tourists to Lhasa, Tibet: How Local Youth Classify, Understand and Respond to Different Types of Travelers

A mobilities approach to tourism from emerging world regions

Enlightened Travelers? Cultural Attitudes, Competencies, and Study Abroad

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