The role of cue–target translation in backward inhibition of attentional set.

Houghton, George; Pritchard, Rhys; Grange, James A.

doi:10.1037/a0014648

Cited by 47 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…There was also a main effect of Response Repetition, with shorter RTs to response repetitions (878ms) than to response switches (909ms), F (1, 65) = 24.53, p<.001, η 2 G = .006. Replicating previous work Houghton et al, 2009), there was a significant interaction of Cue-Type and Task Sequence [F (1, 65) = 15.85, p<.001, η 2 G = .003], with smaller n-2 task repetition costs for the more "transparent" arrow cues (22ms) than for the more "non-transparent" shape cues (68ms 004. ]: n-2 repetition costs were smaller for response repetitions (20ms) than for response switches (70ms).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…For example, the current work has implications for our previous line of research focussing on the effects of cue-transparency on the n-2 task repetition cost Grange & Juvina, 2015;Houghton et al, 2009). Our previous work has shown consistently that reducing the transparency of the cue-task relationship increases the n-2 task repetition cost.…”

Section: Theoretical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 90%

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The effect of episodic retrieval on inhibition in task switching.

Grange

Kowalczyk

O'Loughlin

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Inhibition in task switching is inferred from n-2 repetition costs: the observation that ABA task switching sequences are responded to slower than CBA sequences. This is thought to reflect the persisting inhibition of task A, which slows re-activation attempts. Mayr (2002) reported an experiment testing a critical non-inhibitory account of this effect, namely episodic retrieval: If the trial parameters for task A match across an ABA sequence, responses should be facilitated due to priming from episodic retrieval; a cost would occur if trial parameters mismatch. In a rule-switching paradigm, Mayr reported no significant difference in n-2 repetition cost when the trial parameters repeated or switched across an ABA sequence, in clear contrast to the episodic retrieval account. What remains unclear is whether successful episodic retrieval modulates the n-2 repetition cost. Across three experiments-including a close replication of Mayr-we find clear evidence of reduced n-2 task repetition costs when episodic retrieval is controlled. We find that the effect of episodic retrieval on the n-2 task repetition cost is increased when the cue-task relationship is made more abstract, suggesting the effect is due to interference in establishing the relevant attentional set. We also demonstrate that the episodic retrieval effect is not influenced by retrieval of low-level, perceptual, elements. Together, the data suggest the n-2 task repetition cost-typically attributable to an inhibitory mechanismalso reflects episodic retrieval effects.Keywords: Task switching; inhibition, n-2 repetition cost, episodic retrieval, cognitive controlWe are grateful to Ulrich Mayr, Michael Masson, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on a previous version of this article. Please address correspondence to James A. Grange, School of Psychology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Keele University, Keele, UK, ST5 5BG. Email: grange.jim@gmail.com. All raw data and analysis code are available to download at http://bit.ly/1P5cd0G.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Theoretical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 90%

The effect of episodic retrieval on inhibition in task switching.

Grange

Kowalczyk

O'Loughlin

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

Self Cite

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“…Likewise, abolishing the need for response selection by introducing no-go trials (Schuch & Koch, 2003) or reducing the overlap of response-sets across the different tasks (Gade & Koch, 2007) both reduced the n-2 task-repetition costs to a non-significant level. In a related vein, task competition (and hence n-2 task-repetition costs) can also be reduced by facilitating task selection with spatial cues (Arbuthnott, 2005;Arbuthnott & Woodward, 2002) or by increasing cuetarget overlap (Houghton, Pritchard, & Grange, 2009). Taken together, these findings have led to the suggestion that inhibition of abandoned task-sets is used when the degree of competition between tasks is high.…”

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confidence: 88%

Analogous selection processes in declarative and procedural working memory: N-2 list-repetition and task-repetition costs

et al. 2016

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Working memory (WM) holds and manipulates representations for ongoing cognition. Oberauer (Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 51, 45-100, 2009) distinguishes between two analogous WM sub-systems: a declarative WM which handles the objects of thought, and a procedural WM which handles the representations of (cognitive) actions. Here, we assessed whether analogous effects are observed when participants switch between memory sets (declarative representations) and when they switch between task sets (procedural representations). One mechanism assumed to facilitate switching in procedural WM is the inhibition of previously used, but currently irrelevant task sets, as indexed by n-2 taskrepetition costs (Mayr & Keele, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129(1), 2000). In this study we tested for an analogous effect in declarative WM. We assessed the evidence for n-2 list-repetition costs across eight experiments in which participants switched between memory lists to perform speeded classifications, mental arithmetic, or a local recognition test. N-2 list-repetition costs were obtained consistently in conditions assumed to increase interference between memory lists, and when lists formed chunks in longterm memory. Further analyses across experiments revealed a substantial contribution of episodic memory to n-2 listrepetition costs, thereby questioning the interpretation of n-2 repetition costs as reflecting inhibition. We reanalyzed the data of eight task-switching experiments, and observed that episodic memory also contributes to n-2 task-repetition costs. Taken together, these results show analogous processing principles in declarative and procedural WM, and question the relevance of inhibitory processes for efficient switching between mental sets.

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“…In this instance, no n-2 repetition cost is predicted, as no inhibition of WM representations has occurred. Across several studies, reduced n-2 repetition costs with relatively transparent cues compared to relatively less transparent cues have been reported , 2010bHoughton et al, 2009). …”

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confidence: 99%

“…In their article, Koch et al (2010) review evidence from their laboratory that suggests inhibition targets response stages of task performance (e.g., response preparation/execution). They also review evidence that suggests inhibition may be more flexible, targeting those aspects of the task structure that generate the greatest inter-trial conflict when a task switches (Houghton, Pritchard, & Grange, 2009); indeed, research has shown that cue-based preparatory stages of task performance can be the target of inhibition , 2010bHoughton et al, 2009). Specifically, using a target detection paradigm, Houghton et al proposed that on the basis of the task cue, a relevant target representation must be activated in working memory (WM), a process they called cue-target translation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Task preparation and task inhibition: a comment on Koch, Gade, Schuch, & Philipp (2010)

Grange

Houghton

2010

Psychon Bull Rev

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present compelling evidence for the role of inhibition in task switching, as measured by n-2 repetition costs. They promote the view that inhibition targets response-related processes of task performance rather than cue-based preparatory stages. In support of this distinction, they cite the finding in the literature that n-2 repetition costs are not reduced given longer preparation intervals. In this article, we advocate the analysis of whole reaction time distributions for investigating the influence of task preparation on task inhibition. We present such analyses from two of our published experiments that support the view that n-2 repetition costs can be reduced given sufficient preparation. The results suggest that cue-based processes do contribute to inhibition in task switching.Keywords Task switching . Backward inhibition . Preparation . Reaction time distribution analysis Koch, Gade, Schuch, and Philipp (2010) provided a comprehensive review of the evidence for inhibitory mechanisms in task-switching designs. Inhibition can be inferred from slower reaction times (RTs) returning to a task recently performed (i.e., ABA sequences) than to a task not recently performed (i.e., CBA sequences). These n-2

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The role of cue–target translation in backward inhibition of attentional set.

Cited by 47 publications

References 44 publications

The effect of episodic retrieval on inhibition in task switching.

The effect of episodic retrieval on inhibition in task switching.

Analogous selection processes in declarative and procedural working memory: N-2 list-repetition and task-repetition costs

Task preparation and task inhibition: a comment on Koch, Gade, Schuch, & Philipp (2010)

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