The role of cross-racial/ethnic friendships in social adjustment.

Kawabata, Yoshito; Crick, Nicki R.

doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.1177

Cited by 130 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…These findings fit previous work demonstrating girls to have higher quality friendships compared to boys (Eder & Hallinan, 1978), while boys usually form more expansive social networks (Graham & Cohen, 1997) and more cross-ethnic friendships compared to girls (Kawabata & Crick, 2008). Moreover, ethnic identity also had a marginally positive effect on cross-ethnic friendship quality.…”

Section: The Effect Of Ethnic Diversitysupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Most empirical research in the US and Canada has supported the homophily principle and found that children and adolescents usually form friendships with their same-ethnic/race peers, with cross-ethnic friendships being infrequent (e.g., Clark & Ayers, 1992;Jackman & Crane, 1986;Kao & Joyner, 2006;Kawabata & Crick, 2008;Schneider et al, 2007). Similarly, studies in the UK, although scarce, demonstrate high in-group preference of children in their choice of friends and play mates (Boulton & Smith, 1992;Davey & Mullin, 1982;Leman & Lam, 2008).…”

Section: Cross-ethnic Friendships and Ethnic Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kawabata and Crick (2008) found that, after controlling for the proportion of same-ethnic group members in the classroom, White Europeans tended to report higher cross-ethnic friendship selection compared to African and Latino Americans. Quillian and Campbell (2003) indicated that the effect of race/ethnicity on friendship preferences was still significant even after controlling for available same-ethnic peers in the environment.…”

Section: Cross-ethnic Friendships Across Ethnic Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier studies after desegregation projects in the US (Hallinan & Smith, 1985;Hallinan & Williams, 1989) and more recent studies in the US (Bellmore, Nishina, Witkov, Graham, & Juvonen, 2007;Graham & Cohen, 1997;Kao & Joyner, 2004), Canada (Schneider, Udvari, & Dixon, 2007) and Europe (Verkuyten, 2001) suggest that crossethnic friendships are uncommon and low in quality. Undoubtedly, the social context, in particular the ethnic composition of schools and classrooms, and the ethnic status of children (majority vs. minority), plays a significant role in how peer relationships are formed during childhood (Graham, Taylor, & Ho, 2009;Kawabata & Crick, 2008). Both intergroup contact and friendship theories provide explanations about how ethnic composition may affect the development of cross-ethnic friendships across different ethnic groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research on children"s cross-ethnic friendships mainly originates from the intergroup contact literature, which has documented the robust effect of cross-ethnic friendships in promoting positive intergroup attitudes (Aboud, Mendelson, & Purdy, 2003;Feddes, Noack, & Rutland, 2009) and from the developmental psychology literature, which has emphasized the positive outcomes of cross-ethnic friendships in childhood (e.g., Kawabata & Crick, 2008, 2011aLease & Blake, 2005). Cross-ethnic friendships increase intimate knowledge, empathy and self-disclosure among members of different groups (Turner, Hewstone, & Voci, 2007), in addition to providing the typical benefits of friendships by increasing social competence and skills, adjustment and satisfaction in the school environment (Hunter & Elias, 1999;Lease & Blake, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Cross-ethnic friendships: Are they really rare? Evidence from secondary schools around London

Bağcı¹,

Kumashiro²,

Smith³

et al. 2014

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

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This study examined current cross-ethnic friendship patterns in secondary schools around London, UK, and the effects of ethnic group and ethnic diversity on cross-ethnic friendship selection and quality. Questionnaires including self-report ethnic group definitions and measures of same-/cross-ethnic friendship numbers, along with the quality of 3 best crossethnic friends, were distributed to 684 Year 7 (aged 11) British students (256 White European, 63 Middle Easterner, 118 Black, 247 South Asian) recruited from 9 multi-ethnic secondary schools (37 classrooms) in Greater London. In contrast to most previous research which suggested the relative rarity of cross-ethnic friendships, findings showed that crossethnic friendships were in fact frequent and of high quality, outnumbering same-ethnic friendships for all ethnic groups.After controlling for gender, classroom gender composition, percentage of available same-ethnic peers, ethnic identity and perceived discrimination, classroom ethnic diversity still had a marginally positive effect on cross-ethnic friendship selection, but had no effect on cross-ethnic friendship quality. White British children reported higher cross-ethnic friendship selection and lower cross-ethnic friendship quality compared to other ethnic groups, but this depended on classroom ethnic diversity. Implications of the findings are discussed in the light of intergroup contact and friendship theories. We conclude that research on cross-ethnic friendships is crucial in providing insights into how integration at the social level starts during early childhood in modern multi-ethnic settings like London secondary schools.

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Section: The Effect Of Ethnic Diversitysupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Cross-ethnic Friendships and Ethnic Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cross-ethnic Friendships Across Ethnic Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Cross-ethnic friendships: Are they really rare? Evidence from secondary schools around London

Bağcı¹,

Kumashiro²,

Smith³

et al. 2014

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

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Children's and Adolescents’ Cross‐Ethnic Friendships

Jugert¹,

Feddes²

2017

The Wiley Handbook of Group Processes in Children and Adolescents

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Friendships, Romantic Relationships, and Peer Relationships

Furman

Rose

2015

Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science

107

118

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This chapter reviews the current state of the literature on children and adolescents' dyadic peer relationships. Particular emphasis is placed on children and adolescents' same‐sex friendships and romantic relationships, but research on other‐sex friendships, antipathies, passionate friendships, and sexual relationships are covered as well. The chapter uses a unified relational perspective, which has four key points. First, friendships and romantic relationships need to be studied as relationships. They are dyadic phenomena with a history. Second, children and adolescents' friendships, romantic relationships, and other peer relationships all share common features. They have been studied as separate phenomena and typically by different investigators, but the field would benefit by simultaneously considering all of these types of relationships. Third, any particular relationship is embedded in a network of dyadic relationships. Finally, dyadic peer relationships cannot be understood without incorporating the contexts in which they occur, such as the general peer group, family, and culture. Using this unified relational perspective, the chapter reviews research on the development of dyadic relationships, the role of the self and partner and gender. The chapter then discusses the associations with family relationships, the peer group, media, and the cultural context in which they are embedded. The links between relationships and adjustment are also covered. The chapter also outlines a number of definitional, conceptual, methodological, and analytical issues that need to be addressed in future research, and identifies a number of understudied topics. It concludes by discussing the merits of the unified relational perspective.

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The role of cross-racial/ethnic friendships in social adjustment.

Cited by 130 publications

References 47 publications

Cross-ethnic friendships: Are they really rare? Evidence from secondary schools around London

Cross-ethnic friendships: Are they really rare? Evidence from secondary schools around London

Children's and Adolescents’ Cross‐Ethnic Friendships

Friendships, Romantic Relationships, and Peer Relationships

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