The role of collective mobilization in the divergent performance of the rural economies of China and India (1950–2005)

The Collectivist Legacy and Agrarian Development in China since 1978

“…However, with the exception of largescale projects where the government covered a part of the payment of the mobilized labor force, rural collectives generally paid for labor accumulation work out of their own budget. In other words, collective members allocated a part of their total output to pay themselves for their labor accumulation work (Gürel, 2019(Gürel, : 1030Wakashiro, 1990: 491). 9 Although the HRS reform decreased the state capacity in the countryside, Chinese government agencies, official media, and policy-oriented academics made considerable effort to keep the "two works" system intact during the 1980s and 1990s.…”

“…However, with the exception of large-scale projects where the government covered a part of the payment of the mobilized labor force, rural collectives generally paid for labor accumulation work out of their own budget. In other words, collective members allocated a part of their total output to pay themselves for their labor accumulation work (Gürel, 2019: 1030; Wakashiro, 1990: 491). 9…”

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“…Regalado-López, J., Pérez-Ramírez, N., Ramírez-Juárez, J. y Méndez-Espinoza, J.A. La relación entre el uso de la tecnología sobre los rendimientos de maíz se aborda en diferentes estudios (Regalado y col., 1996;Díaz y col., 1999;Damián y col., 2007), quienes coinciden con los resultados obtenidos en Tlaltenango; en la misma línea Gürel (2019) coincide en que los avances en la agricultura a menudo han sido el resultado de innovaciones en componentes individuales (como mejoramiento, insumos químicos, tecnologías de riego), sin embargo, en Tllatenango como en Santa Xalmimilulco los cambios se produjeron considerando como variable la aplicación del conocimiento tecnológico a través de los grupos de acción. Noriega y col. (2019) relacionan la capacitación y difusión de innovaciones tecnológicas bajo el modelo de escuelas de campo con la productividad de maíz; y en este mismo sentido Velázquez y col. (2019) encontraron que la adopción de tecnologías determina la productividad y competitividad de la producción de maíz.…”

Rural land dispossession in China and India

“…At the same time, in more developed regions, county, township, and village authorities used village land to build smaller state-and village-owned factories. Some of the displaced villagers were resettled on inferior land, while others were given jobs, sometimes in the factories that displaced them (Ying 2005;Gürel 2015;Tilt 2015).…”