The role of clomiphene citrate in late onset male hypogonadism

Abstract

The World is getting old. Aging is associated with degenerative changes in multiple organ and systems. Yet, overall, men's life expectancy increased from 63.2 years in the 1990s to 70.5 years in 2017, what represents an increase of 7.3 years in this period (1). Men's life expectancy has always been lower than women´s, as several biological, ethnic and sociocultural factors weighed in, but lifestyle modifications, such as decreasing smoking and alcoholism, controlling weight and adopting physical activity, has helped to minimize this difference (2). In addition to the desire to live longer, people value more and more quality of life, and among health issues that involve quality of life, we have what concerns cognition, reasoning, libido and the feeling of well--being. These aspects are all tightly related to testosterone, which is the main male hormone, responsible for all of this and, still, for strength and muscle mass, maintenance of bone structure, penile erections, etc. Greater attention has been given to health in this group of older male patients, not least because there is a high prevalence of metabolic and psychological alterations related to aging among them (3).Symptomatic late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) is a clinical and laboratory syndrome that accompanies male aging and is associated with hormonal profile changes, which negatively affect libido, sexual function, mood, behavior, lean body mass, and bone density, that is, it affects not only the

A clinical case of identical twins with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, primary empty sella syndrome and identified rare CHD7 gene variant

“…As estradiol exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamus, downregulating the production and the release of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH), CC increases hormone levels and consequently increases the stimulus on the pituitary gland. The usual dose is 25–50 mg per day 6 …”

Carbon dioxide enrichment in a decarbonised future

“…At the time of writing, the Kas als Energiebron ('Greenhouse as an Energy Source') programme has a research project investigating the use of DAC in greenhouse horticulture (Kas als Energiebron, 2020). They conclude that pure CO 2 from DAC is more efficient than using low concentrations in enriched air, for three reasons (Ros, 2022):…”