The role of cigarette smoking in periodontal disease and treatment outcomes of dental implant therapy

Abstract

Tobacco smoking has been implicated in periodontal pathology through various mechanisms, including perturbations of the inflammatory and host responses to putative periodontal pathogens, alterations in the subgingival microbial communities, and a compromised healing potential of the tissues leading to imbalance of tissue homeostasis. This review provides the evidence for the relationship between cigarette smoking and periodontal disease in an attempt to explain possible mechanisms of how tobacco smoking may exert its negative effects on the periodontal tissues via systemic and localized pathways. Early and more recent studies explore cigarette smoking–induced changes in periodontal clinical indices; in subgingival microbial flora by employing traditional detection methods for selected microorganisms, in addition to modern techniques such as deep sequencing and bioinformatics analyses that are able to fully characterize the microbial communities; and in inflammatory and immune responses critically appraising study limitations and differences in study protocol designs. Periodontal treatment outcomes and implant therapy outcomes are reviewed in an attempt to shed light on possible mechanisms for the inferior treatment outcome noted in smokers. The potential harmful effects of passive smoking are also reviewed, providing evidence for the advantages of smoking cessation. Quitting cigarette smoking should be recommended by the dentist, and effort should be made to inform smokers about the negative effects of smoking on the periodontal status and implant therapy outcomes.

Risk factors for periodontitis & peri‐implantitis

“…Tobacco smoking has been implicated in periodontal pathology through various mechanisms, including perturbations of the inflammatory and host responses to putative periodontal pathogens, alterations in the subgingival microbial communities, and a compromised healing potential of the tissues leading to an imbalance of tissue homeostasis. 5 Critical appraisal of study limitations is required, especially the differences in study protocol designs of (a) early and more recent studies exploring cigarette smoking–induced changes in periodontal clinical indices, (b) subgingival microbial flora analysis employing traditional detection methods for selected microorganisms in addition to modern techniques such as deep sequencing and bioinformatic analyses that are able to fully characterize the microbial communities, and (c) inflammatory and immune responses. 5 Periodontal treatment outcomes in addition to implant therapy outcomes are reviewed with an attempt to shed light on possible mechanisms for the inferior treatment outcome noted in smokers.…”

“… 5 Critical appraisal of study limitations is required, especially the differences in study protocol designs of (a) early and more recent studies exploring cigarette smoking–induced changes in periodontal clinical indices, (b) subgingival microbial flora analysis employing traditional detection methods for selected microorganisms in addition to modern techniques such as deep sequencing and bioinformatic analyses that are able to fully characterize the microbial communities, and (c) inflammatory and immune responses. 5 Periodontal treatment outcomes in addition to implant therapy outcomes are reviewed with an attempt to shed light on possible mechanisms for the inferior treatment outcome noted in smokers. The potential harmful effects of passive smoking are also reviewed, providing evidence for the advantages of smoking cessation.…”

Severe generalized periodontitis as a risk factor for serious outcomes of COVID- 19: a structural equation modelling approach

“…However, smoking was positively related to severe generalized periodontitis (sc = 0.175 (0.053-0.298; p = 0.005). This nding supports tobacco's direct and large effect on the subgingival microbiome, in the in ammatory responses, and the homeostasis and healing potential of the periodontal tissues, leading to a greater susceptibility to severe disease [39,40]. Furthermore, tobacco's impact is related to an expected more severe disease and worse outcomes following many types of periodontal treatment [40].…”

ZnP‐Coated Zn1Cu0.1Ti Membrane with High Strength‐Ductility, Antibacterial Ability, Cytocompatibility, and Osteogenesis for Biodegradable Guided Bone Regeneration Applications

“…Periodontal therapy and implant placement have significantly reduced the problem of tooth loss since the invention and widespread adoption of oral implant technology. [ 1 ] Dental implant failure can, however, be easily caused by severe periodontitis, insufficient bone mass brought on by tumor surgery and diabetes, bone defects, and poor implant retention. [ 2,3 ] Nowadays, bone augmentation is a practical procedure to meet the needs of these patients.…”