“…As the massification of HE increasingly disconnects individual tutors from their own students (Allais, 2014), hope for the detection of outsourced assignments is seen to rest more on machine-based solutions than on human intuition (Amigud, Arnedo-Moreno, Daradoumis et al, 2017;Clare, Walker & Hobson, 2017). Yet such machine techniques are at an early stage (McHaney, Cronan & Douglas, 2019); more realistic solutions may arise from innovations of assessment where the assignments offered are specifically designed to be resistant to essay mill involvement (Bretag et al, 2019;Joughin, 2010;Patall and Leach, 2015;Sotiriadou, Logan, Daly et al, 2019;Trevelyan & Wilson, 2012;Villarroel, Bloxham, Bruna et al, 2018).…”