The Role of Chemokines during Viral Infection of the CNS

Concentration gradient of CXCL10 and CXCL11 between the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in children with enteroviral aseptic meningitis

“…The observed difference confirms previous findings on distinct chemokine signature patterns observed in CNS viral infections. 14 The presence of CXCL10 concentration gradient between the CSF and plasma of children with EV AM supports the concept that CXCL10 might act as a chemoattractant for antigen-specific activated T-cells and play an important role in their recruitment into the CSF.…”

“…14 In vitro and in vivo studies showed that astrocytes and microglia cells are the principal sources of chemokines following viral infections of the CNS. Studies in both animal and human models showed complex and variable patterns of chemokine synthesis in various CNS viral infections.…”

“…13 However, persistent overexpression of CXCL10 can lead to continuous infiltration of inflammatory cells that can subsequently lead to neurotoxicity, cell death or an immune-mediated demyelinating disease. [14][15][16] Several studies investigated the expression of CXC10 and CXCL11 as well as possible inhibitor for the treatment of HIV-infection and a CXCR4 antagonist that stimulated hematopoietic stem cell mobilisation that is essential for the treatment of hematological malignancies. 24 Therefore, the results of this study can provide an important insight into possible relevance of chemokine/chemokine receptor inhibitors/antagonists as potential therapeutics in the treatment of inflammatory CNS diseases.…”

Cytokine network analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

“…Although increased CSF CCL11 and CXCL10 levels in ME/CFS subjects, along with dysregulation of IL1 signaling, suggest the possibility of an allergic process in central compartments, 49,50 such patterns may also be seen in a wide range of CNS infections. [51][52][53][54] Additional studies focused on delineating the relationships of clinical phenotypes of ME/CFS to immune profiles in both the CSF and the peripheral blood are of paramount importance to investigating potential causes and biomarkers for disease. Recent reports indicate regional changes in white matter volume 19 and abnormalities in myelin in white matter tracts in ME/CFS.…”

Reverse genetics of rabies virus: new strategies to attenuate virus virulence for vaccine development

“…Of the genes altered by CVS-B2c infection, genes involved in host immunity/antiviral responses and apoptosis were significantly upregulated in mice infected with CVS-B2c than those in mice infected with SHBRV, implying that the host innate immune responses triggered by CVS-B2c infection might be responsible for the attenuated phenotype of CVS-B2c strain . Given that cytokine/chemokine expression has been well documented to be involved in CNS inflammation, host immune responses, and direct antiviral activities (Hosking and Lane 2010;Niu et al 2011;Ubogu et al 2006), cytokine/chemokine has been recognized as critical mediators of a variety of biological processes during viral infection (Hosking and Lane 2010).…”