The role of chemerin in human disease

Abstract

Adipose tissue is not merely a storage depot of triacylglycerols but also a major endocrine organ. Its cells, including adipocytes, synthesize and secrete a range of biologically active molecules termed adipokines. Adipokines that display the properties of cytokines are often called adipocytokines. In recent years there has been increasing interest in a new adipokine called chemerin. Chemerin is a protein synthesized mostly by the adipose tissue and the liver as inactive pre-pro-chemerin. After the intracellular hydrolytic cutting off of the 20-amino-acid N-terminal polypeptide, it is secreted into the bloodstream as inactive pro-chemerin. Biologically active chemerin is then derived from pro-chemerin after cleavage of the C-terminal fragment by serum proteases involved in inflammation, coagulation and fibrinolysis. Proteolytic cleavage leads to formation of several chemerin-derived peptides, both biologically active (often with opposing functions) and inactive.Within the last decade, there has been a growing number of publications regarding the role of chemerin in human disease. It seems to be implicated in the inflammatory response, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and alimentary tract disorders. The article presents the most recent information on the role of chemerin in human disease, and specifically alimentary tract disorders. The available evidence suggests that chemerin is an important link between adipose tissue mass, metabolic processes, the immune system and inflammation, and therefore plays a major role in human pathophysiology.

Diabetes and Obesity—Cumulative or Complementary Effects On Adipokines, Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance

“…As is currently well known, adipose tissue itself represents an endocrine organ [29][30][31][32]. Recent studies have shown that obesity and the increase in the size and number of adipocytes are associated with an alteration of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism [31,33,34], insulin resistance and systemic inflammation [33].…”

“…Adipose tissue causes these changes through the secretion of biologically active molecules: over 600 adipokines (such as leptin, resistin, apelin, vaspin, omentin, visfatin, adiponectin, chemerin, etc. ), cytokines, both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory, interleukins-IL (IL1, IL6), chemokines (IL8, MCP 1-monocye chemoattractant protein-1), vasoactive substances, interferon, and hormone-like action proteins [29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. The increase in the level of proatherogenic substances, with a pro-inflammatory effect, might trigger a cascade of insulin resistance [34], as well as the relationship between obesity and diabetes and vascular complications, respectively [34].…”

“…Chemerin, a recently discovered adipokine [55] (also known as tazarotene-induced gene 2 (TIG2) and retinoic acid receptor responder 2 (RARRES2) [31]) is a 163 amino acid pre-proprotein that is secreted as a 143 amino acid (18 kDa) proprotein and subsequently undergoes C-terminal cleavage [32,33]. It has recently been discovered that chemerin has at least three receptors: G protein-coupled receptor CMKLR1 (chemokine-like receptor 1 or ChemR23), G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1) and (C-C motif) receptor-like (CCRL) 2 [56][57][58].…”

Chemerin/CMKLR1 Axis Promotes Inflammation and Pyroptosis by Activating NLRP3 Inflammasome in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Rat

“…However, only CMKLR1 appears to be critical for chemerin-induced inflammation (Mariani and Roncucci, 2015). Chemerin binding to GPR1 produces only a weak effect in modulating calcium mobilization, while CCRL2 does not activate downstream signaling cascades (Stojek, 2017). In contrast, CMKLR1 has been reported to mediate chemerin-promoted inflammation in diabetic complication (Neves et al, 2018a,b;Zou et al, 2019).…”

Chemerin Is an Indispensable Pre-Treatment Predictor of Sofosbuvir, Pegylated Interferon-Alpha and Ribavirin Outcomes in Chronic Hepatitis C Egyptian Patients

“…Its gene termed retinoic acid receptor responder 2 (tazarotene-induced gene 2) encodes for chemerin protein which is associated with obesity and inflammatory diseases (Bozaoglu et al, 2007). Chemerin receptors are expressed in the liver which proved that chemerin may be relevant in liver physiology and pathophysiology (Stojek, 2017). Chemerin has a chimeric nature; having pro-inflammatory properties.…”