The Role of Cellular Defense Systems of Ferroptosis in Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are the most common rapidly developing neurodegenerative diseases that lead to serious health and socio-economic consequences. Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of cell death; there is growing evidence to support the notion that ferroptosis is involved in a variety of pathophysiological contexts, and there is increasing interest in the role of ferroptosis in PD and AD. Simultaneously, cells may have evolved four defense systems to counteract the toxic effects of ferroptosis occasioned by lipid peroxidation. This review, which focuses on the analysis of ferroptosis in the PD and AD context, outlines four cellular defense systems against ferroptosis and how each of them is involved in PD and AD.

Toward a Mechanism-Driven Integrated Framework to Link Human Exposure to Multiple Toxic Metal(loid) Species with Environmental Diseases

“…The execution of studies that address these aforementioned problems followed by their integration into a progressively more refined framework will not only advance our understanding of their mechanisms of chronic toxicity, but is also crucial to be able to predict the effect of As III , Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ and CH 3 Hg + on their cumulative perturbation of HRMs. Addressing these knowledge gaps will get us a step closer in our quest to causally link human exposure to multiple toxic metal(loid)s with the etiology of environmental diseases, including neurodevelopment Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease [ 142 , 143 ], autoimmune diseases [ 144 ], atherosclerosis [ 145 ] and potentially other diseases which do not appear to have a genetic origin [ 50 ].…”