The catalytic pyrolysis pathways of carbonyl compounds in coal were systematically studied using density functional theory (DFT), with benzaldehyde (CHCHO) employed as a coal-based model compound and ZnO, γ-AlO, and CaO as catalysts. The results show that the products of both pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis are CH and CO. However, the presence of any of the catalysts changes the reaction pathway and reduces the energy barrier, indicating that these catalysts promote CHCHO decomposition. Graphical abstract The presence of catalysts changes the reaction pathway and the energy barrier decreases in the order Ea (no catalyst)> Ea (CaO)> Ea (γ-AlO)> Ea (ZnO), indicating that these catalysts promote CHCHO decomposition.