BACKGROUND
Evidence suggests that cytokines cause immune disturbances, shape immunological sequelae later in life, and modulate the risk of schizophrenia (SC). Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a multifaceted molecule of the glycan family, is involved in the formation of the immunological synapse and modulates the signalling pathway and effector functions of T lymphocytes, which are major producers of cytokines. We have previously reported elevated serum Gal-3 levels in stable SC patients. However, Gal-3 as a link between cognitive functioning and inflammation has not yet been investigated in SC.
AIM
To investigate the relationship between serum Gal-3 levels and cognitive performance, serum cytokines, and white blood cell count in three-month stably treated SC patients.
METHODS
Twenty-seven patients with SC in remission and 18 healthy volunteers participated in this case-control and correlational study. Clinical assessment was performed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Montreal-Cognitive Assessment. The results of previously measured serum levels of Gal-3, interleukin (IL)-33, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6 and IL-17 were used for further statistical analyses, and IL-4, IL-23, IL-1β and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were now additionally measured with a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The number of leukocytes in the blood and the percentage of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes were determined with a standardized routine measurement procedure (Sysmex Technology). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 20.0 software.
RESULTS
We found no correlation between serum Gal-3 levels and cognitive functioning in SC patients. A positive correlation was found between the levels of Gal-3 and TNF-α (
r
= 0.476;
P
= 0.012), Gal-3 and IL-23 (
r
= 0.417;
P
= 0.031), and Gal-3 and sST2 (
r
= 0.402;
P
= 0.038). The binary logistic model, which included all nine cytokines measured in this patient sample, indicated the particular role of Gal-3 and TGF-β in the duration of SC. In the stabilization phase of SC, we observed a moderate and negative correlation between serum Gal-3 levels and leukocytes (
r
= -0.449;
P
< 0.019). Additional linear regression analysis showed a positive correlation between Gal-3 expression and risperidone dose (F: 4.467;
P
< 0.045;
r
2
= 0.396).
CONCLUSION
The combined activity of Gal-3 and proinflammatory cytokines, TGF-β downregulation and lower counts of leukocytes influence the SC duration. Gal-3 likely manifests indirect immunometabolic regulation of cognition in SC.