The Role of Attitude toward Challenge in Serious Game Design

Explaining the Outcomes of Social Gamification: A Longitudinal Field Experiment

“…According to the dual-outcome framework of gamification, the outcomes of gamification should be assessed from both aspects, differentiated as (1) experiential outcomes (game-layer outcomes) and (2) instrumental outcomes (nongame-layer outcomes) of gamification [66,94]. Experiential outcomes are primarily related to the experience of playing the game, and they include users' game engagement, enjoyment, curiosity, and satisfaction [24,61,66]. Instrumental outcomes reflect users' task efforts toward or performance in completing the instrumental tasks behind the gamified application (e.g., learning outcomes, job performance, and training effectiveness).…”