The role of artificial intelligence in surgical simulation

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays an integral role in enhancing the quality of surgical simulation, which is increasingly becoming a popular tool for enriching the training experience of a surgeon. This spans the spectrum from facilitating preoperative planning, to intraoperative visualisation and guidance, ultimately with the aim of improving patient safety. Although arguably still in its early stages of widespread clinical application, AI technology enables personal evaluation and provides personalised feedback in surgical training simulations. Several forms of surgical visualisation technologies currently in use for anatomical education and presurgical assessment rely on different AI algorithms. However, while it is promising to see clinical examples and technological reports attesting to the efficacy of AI-supported surgical simulators, barriers to wide-spread commercialisation of such devices and software remain complex and multifactorial. High implementation and production costs, scarcity of reports evidencing the superiority of such technology, and intrinsic technological limitations remain at the forefront. As AI technology is key to driving the future of surgical simulation, this paper will review the literature delineating its current state, challenges, and prospects. In addition, a consolidated list of FDA/CE approved AI-powered medical devices for surgical simulation is presented, in order to shed light on the existing gap between academic achievements and the universal commercialisation of AI-enabled simulators. We call for further clinical assessment of AI-supported surgical simulators to support novel regulatory body approved devices and usher surgery into a new era of surgical education.

Current and future applications of artificial intelligence in surgery: implications for clinical practice and research

“…Findings by Weidener and Fischer ( 19 ), suggest that medical curricula should move towards including the topic of AI in medicine to develop the knowledge, understanding, and confidence needed to use AI in the clinical context ( 19 ). The incorporation of AI in surgical education is also highlighted by Park et al ( 8 ), who discuss the role of AI in surgical simulation, emphasizing the importance of fidelity in representing reality within surgical simulators ( 8 ). Additionally, the study by Moglia et al ( 20 ) demonstrates the use of deep-learning models to predict proficiency acquisition in robot-assisted surgery, providing insights for personalized training within surgical programs ( 20 ).…”

Surgical Perspectives of Open vs. Laparoscopic Approaches to Lateral Pancreaticojejunostomy: A Comprehensive Review

“…By leveraging machine learning and data analysis, AI systems can provide surgeons with tailored recommendations, optimizing the surgical approach and potentially improving outcomes. The integration of AI in surgical planning is an exciting avenue that has the potential to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of pancreatic surgeries [ 48 ].…”

Transforming Abdominal Wall Surgery With Generative Artificial Intelligence

“…For surgical training, GAI can play a pivotal role in preparing the next-generation of surgeons. AI-driven simulations are particularly valuable in this regard [ 10 ]. These simulations, powered by GAI algorithms, provide aspiring surgeons with a highly realistic and interactive environment to practice surgical techniques, hone their skills, and familiarize themselves with complex procedures like hernia repair.…”