The Role of Apelin–APJ System in Diabetes and Obesity

Li, Cheng; Cheng, Hongna; Adhikari, Binay; Wang, Shudong; Yang, Na; Liu, Wenyun; Sun, Jian; Wang, Yonggang

doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.820002

Cited by 36 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“… 82 Further basic and clinical evidence suggest that apelin is an insulin sensitizer and its elevated levels are linked with T2D rather than obesity. 83 Concerning atherosclerosis, a case–control study on 60 Egyptian patients demonstrated a powerful correlation between serum apelin and the degree of carotid intima-media thickness, suggesting a plausible future application for apelin as a clinically useful prognostic biomarker. 84…”

Section: Insulin Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease

et al. 2023

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Insulin resistance (IR) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) represent two universal public health hazards, especially in today’s Western societies. A causal-effect relationship has been established that links IR with CVD. The mediating mechanisms are perplexing, under ongoing, rigorous investigation and remain to be fully elucidated. IR is a condition encompassing hyperglycemia and compensatory hyperinsulinemia. It occurs when insulin is not capable of exerting its maximum effects on target tissues, including skeletal muscles, liver and adipose tissue. This alteration of insulin signaling pathways results in the development of cardiometabolic disorders, including obesity, dyslipidemia, low-grade inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension, all of which are predisposing factors for atherosclerosis and CVD. The management of IR can be achieved through dietary modifications, the inclusion of regular exercise routines in everyday life, pharmacological agents and other interventions tailored to each individual patient’s needs. It is important to underline though that, although various antidiabetic drugs that may improve IR are available, no medications are as yet specifically approved for the treatment of IR. This narrative review will focus on the current scientific and clinical evidence pertaining to IR, the mechanisms connecting IR with CVD, as well as plausible strategies for a holistic, personalized approach for IR management.

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Section: Insulin Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease

et al. 2023

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“…Apelin is a relatively short protein of 77 amino acids and can be cleaved to different active isoforms, such as apelins-13 and -17. All apelin variants can bind to the G-protein-coupled apelin receptor APLNR [ 61 ]. Apelin and APLNR are widely expressed and were also detected in WAT adipocytes [ 61 , 62 ].…”

Section: Obesity and Adipokinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All apelin variants can bind to the G-protein-coupled apelin receptor APLNR [ 61 ]. Apelin and APLNR are widely expressed and were also detected in WAT adipocytes [ 61 , 62 ]. Apelin improves glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake of skeletal muscle and adipocytes, biogenesis of mitochondria and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle cells.…”

Section: Obesity and Adipokinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Complex Roles of Adipokines in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Endometriosis

Schüler-Toprak¹,

Ortmann²,

Buechler³

et al. 2022

Biomedicines

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis are frequent diseases of the female reproductive tract causing high morbidity as they can significantly affect fertility and quality of life. Adipokines are pleiotropic signaling molecules secreted by white or brown adipose tissues with a central role in energy metabolism. More recently, their involvement in PCOS and endometriosis has been demonstrated. In this review article, we provide an update on the role of adipokines in both diseases and summarize previous findings. We also address the results of multi-omics approaches in adipokine research to examine the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes coding for adipokines and their receptors, the secretome of adipocytes and to identify epigenetic alterations of adipokine genes that might be conferred from mother to child. Finally, we address novel data on the role of brown adipose tissue (BAT), which seems to have notable effects on PCOS. For this review, original research articles on adipokine actions in PCOS and endometriosis are considered, which are listed in the PubMed database.

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“…Genes involved in angiogenic patterning affect adipose tissue function [46]; for example, forkhead box C2 (FOXC2) in adipose tissue affects angiogenesis and vascular patterning [47], and is associated with adipose tissue function and obesity [48]. The apelin/ apelin receptor signaling pathway, discovered as a vasculogenic guiding factor in zebra fish [49], is an important regulator of insulin sensitivity, glucose utilization and diabetes risk [50][51][52], and indirect evidence suggests apelin regulates adipose tissue vasculature and adipocyte size [53].…”

Section: Angiogenesis During Hyperplastic Adipose Tissue Expansionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiogenesis in adipose tissue and obesity

2022

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While most tissues exhibit their greatest growth during development, adipose tissue is capable of additional massive expansion in adults. Adipose tissue expandability is advantageous when temporarily storing fuel for use during fasting, but becomes pathological upon continuous food intake, leading to obesity and its many comorbidities. The dense vasculature of adipose tissue provides necessary oxygen and nutrients, and supports delivery of fuel to and from adipocytes under fed or fasting conditions. Moreover, the vasculature of adipose tissue comprises a major niche for multipotent progenitor cells, which give rise to new adipocytes and are necessary for tissue repair. Given the multiple, pivotal roles of the adipose tissue vasculature, impairments in angiogenic capacity may underlie obesity-associated diseases such as diabetes and cardiometabolic disease. Exciting new studies on the single-cell and single-nuclei composition of adipose tissues in mouse and humans are providing new insights into mechanisms of adipose tissue angiogenesis. Moreover, new modes of intercellular communication involving micro vesicle and exosome transfer of proteins, nucleic acids and organelles are also being recognized to play key roles. This review focuses on new insights on the cellular and signaling mechanisms underlying adipose tissue angiogenesis, and on their impact on obesity and its pathophysiological consequences.

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The Role of Apelin–APJ System in Diabetes and Obesity

Cited by 36 publications

References 133 publications

Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease

Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease

The Complex Roles of Adipokines in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Endometriosis

Angiogenesis in adipose tissue and obesity

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