The Role of Androgens in Male Gender Role Behavior

Wilson, Jean D.

doi:10.1210/edrv.20.5.0377

Cited by 115 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…The specific actions of androgen on the developing brain as well as the specific mechanisms of the development of male sex itself remain largely unknown, and the epigenetic processes as well as socially mediated influences remain indeterminate. 5,10,15 The implications of our findings for intersex conditions require further investigation. However, our findings suggest that children who are born genetically and hormonally male may identify themselves as males despite being raised as females and undergoing feminizing genitoplasty at birth.…”

mentioning

confidence: 83%

“…3 This concept of sex assignment was especially important for clinicians who were caring for aphallic genetic males, in whom the construction of a functional penis was not feasible. 1,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Androgens have long been thought to influence prenatal brain development as well as postpubertal activity, interests, and libido. 1,[10][11][12][13] The ability of androgen to act on target tissues in utero could affect subsequent sexual identity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Androgens have long been thought to influence prenatal brain development as well as postpubertal activity, interests, and libido. 1,[10][11][12][13] The ability of androgen to act on target tissues in utero could affect subsequent sexual identity. For example, genetic males with androgen resistance, who cannot respond to androgens, identify themselves as female after puberty, whereas genetic males with 5 a -reductase deficiency often see themselves as male, irrespective of whether they were raised as males or females.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Discordant Sexual Identity in Some Genetic Males with Cloacal Exstrophy Assigned to Female Sex at Birth

2004

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Discordant Sexual Identity in Some Genetic Males with Cloacal Exstrophy Assigned to Female Sex at Birth

2004

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“…There are two isozymes of 5␣-reductase: type 1, found in the scalp and other peripheral tissues, is encoded by a gene on chromosome 5; type 2, the predominant form found in male reproductive tissues, in encoded by a structurally related gene on chromosome 2p23 [68]. The syndrome of 5␣-reductase deficiency, a disorder of male sexual differentiation, is due to mutations in the gene encoding the type 2 enzyme [69]. The type 1 and 2 genes show an unusual pattern of developmental regulation of expression.…”

Section: ␣-Reductasementioning

confidence: 99%

Steroidogenic Enzymes

Miller¹

2008

Endocrine Development

172

112

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The enzymes and pathways of steroidogenesis are familiar to most endocrinologists, but the biochemistry and molecular biology of these processes are still being studied. This chapter outlines current knowledge about each enzyme. The quantitative regulation of steroidogenesis occurs at the first step, the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. Chronic regulation is principally at the level of transcription of the gene for P450 side chain cleave (P450scc), which is the enzymatically rate-limiting step. Acute regulation is mediated by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, which facilitates the rapid influx of cholesterol into mitochondria, where P450scc resides. Qualitative regulation, determining the class of steroid produced, is principally determined by P450c17. In the absence of P450c17 in the zona glomerulosa, C21 deoxy steroids are produced, leading to the mineralocorticoid aldosterone. In the presence of the 17alpha-hydroxylase but not the 17,20 lyase activity of P450c17 in the zona fasciculata, C21, 17-hydroxy steroids are produced, leading to the glucocorticoid cortisol. When both the 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20 lyase activities of P450c17 are present in the zona reticularis, the androgen precursor dehydroepiandrosterone is produced. The discrimination between 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20 lyase activities is regulated by two posttranslational events, the serine phosphorylation of P450c17 and the allosteric action of cytochrome b5, both of which act to optimize the interaction of P450c17 with its obligatory electron donor, P450 oxidoreductase.

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“…It is widely held that although hormones regulate the copulatory behaviour of most mammalian species, primates are more complex and copulatory ability has been emancipated from biological controls in this order (i.e. Wallen, 2001; but see Wilson, 1999). According to this view, psychological and social forces in primates have subjugated the hormones that mediate copulatory behaviour in other species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of sexual behaviour in male macaques by sex steroid modulation of the serotonergic system

Barrett

Bardi

Guillén

et al. 2006

Experimental Physiology

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The view that androgen action is the primary impetus underlying male-typical behaviour has been irrevocably altered by the profound perturbations in social and sexual behaviour observed in recent models of oestrogen insufficiency in male mice. Evidence is also accumulating for an involvement of oestrogens in the modulation of neural systems that are thought to play important roles in male reproductive functioning. Specifically, the serotonergic system is implicated in diverse autonomic functions, most or all of which are sensitive to oestradiol as well. Although their interaction domains have yet to be examined in male primates, roles have been established for both oestrogen and serotonin in the regulation of male sexual behaviour. We used a blinded, sham-treated and self-controlled, randomized, multitreatment cross-over design to test the hypothesis that male sexual behaviour is regulated by oestrogen modulation of the serotonergic system in intact male Japanese macaques. Regression analysis revealed that oestradiol and whole blood tryptophan, but not testosterone or 5α-dihydrotestosterone, had additive, independent effects on male potentia over a range of hormone concentrations, whereas androgens were confirmed to be the primary determinants of sexual motivation. We suggest that modulation of the serotonergic system by 'female hormones' may be fundamental to the regulation of male mating success in higher primates. This might also explain, at least in part, why significant correlations between steroid hormones and male copulatory behaviour have traditionally proven so elusive in this order, thereby warranting a re-evaluation of the current notion that male sexual behaviour has been emancipated from activational hormonal control in higher primates.

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The Role of Androgens in Male Gender Role Behavior

Cited by 115 publications

References 66 publications

Discordant Sexual Identity in Some Genetic Males with Cloacal Exstrophy Assigned to Female Sex at Birth

Discordant Sexual Identity in Some Genetic Males with Cloacal Exstrophy Assigned to Female Sex at Birth

Steroidogenic Enzymes

Regulation of sexual behaviour in male macaques by sex steroid modulation of the serotonergic system

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