The role of airborne transmission in a large single source outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a Belgian nursing home in 2020

Abstract

Objectives: To better understand the conditions which have led to one of the largest COVID-19 outbreaks in Belgian nursing homes in 2020. Setting: A nursing home in Flanders, Belgium, which experienced a massive outbreak of COVID-19 after a cultural event. An external volunteer who dressed as a legendary figure visited consecutively the 4 living units and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 the next day. Within days, residents started to display symptoms and the outbreak spread rapidly within the nursing home. Methods: We interviewed key informants and collected standardized data from all residents retrospectively. A batch of 115 positive samples with a Ct value of <37 by qRT-PCR were analysed using whole-genome sequencing. Six months after the outbreak, ventilation assessment of gathering rooms in the nursing home was done using a tracer gas test with calibrated CO2 sensors. Results: Timeline of diagnoses and symptom onsets clearly pointed to the cultural event as the start of the outbreak, with the volunteer as index case. The genotyping of positive samples depicted the presence of one large cluster, suggesting a single source outbreak. The global attack rate among residents was 77% with a significant association between infection and presence at the event. Known risk factors such as short distance to or physical contact with the volunteer, and wearing of a mask during the event were not associated with early infection. The ventilation assessment showed a high background average CO2 level in four main rooms varying from 657 ppm to 846 ppm. Conclusions: Our investigation shows a rapid and widespread single source outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a nursing home, in which airborne transmission was the most plausible explanation for the massive intra-facility spread. Our results underscore the importance of ventilation and air quality for the prevention of future outbreaks in closed facilities.

COVID-19 Cluster in the Hematology/Respirology Ward of a University Hospital during the Seventh Wave of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Japan: A Descriptive Study

“…Shared rooms require patients to eat and drink in the same room under limited ventilation or aeration, so such hospital environmental factors that are difficult to prevent may have contributed to the spread. Some studies have shown that airborne transmission can occur in specific circumstances (5,6). Before and during the cluster, no patients received aerosol-generating procedures, including endotracheal intubation or high-flow nasal cannula oxygen or standard oxygen therapy (7).…”