The Role of AI Design Assistance on the Architectural Design Process: An Empirical Research with Novice Designers

Abstract

This study explores the integration of Generative Design Assistants (GDAs), specifically machine learning based tools, in the architectural design process. It investigates how these tools, once confined to experimental realms, are now influencing mainstream architectural practice, particularly among novice architects. The research focuses on third and fourth-year architecture students, examining how they adapt to and integrate these advanced AI tools into their design workflows. Through an empirical online workshop, the study collected data of design process recordings, design output success scores of students by an independent jury, and post-experiment surveys. This approach provided insights into the timing, frequency, and sequence of GDA usage, as well as the influence of specific GDA features on design success. The research reveals that three primary strategies emerged in students' GDA usage: continuous use throughout the design process, selective problem-solving use, and initial ideation use followed by traditional methods. However, an over-reliance on GDAs was noted to potentially limit the designer’s interpretive and developmental input. The survey shows that different GDAs have distinct strengths and impacts on the design process. In terms of selected GDAs for the experiment, ArchiGAN aids in discovery and ideation, while HouseGAN excels in reframing design problems. In conclusion, the study underscores the transformative potential and challenges of GDAs in architectural design and highlights the need for balanced GDA integration. The research outputs show that future research should focus on the long-term implications of GDAs in architectural education. This research aims to guide the effective integration of AI in architecture, enhancing the human designer's role rather than overshadowing it.