As Gatchel and Turk (1996) have indicated, pain accounts for more than 80% of all physician visits, affecting more than 50 million Americans and costing more than $70 billion annually in health care costs and lost productivity. Traditionally, the main focus in medicine was simply on the cause of the pain reported, with the assumption that the pain had a physical basis and that, once that basis was identified, the source of it could be either eliminated or blocked by medical interventions. As a result, assessment was focused almost entirely on identifying the physical basis for the pain. In the absence of such a physical basis, psychological causation was often suggested and, hence, the term psychogenic pain was coined. This is now an outdated, traditional viewpoint of pain, in which complaints were categorized by a simple dichotomy: The pain reported either had a physical basis or a psychological basis.Fortunately, this view of pain is no longer accepted. Rather, a biopsychosocial perspective of pain is beginning to be more widely embraced (Gatchel & Turk, 1996), although some administrators of health care plans and physicians in primary care settings still need to be "converted." Psychosocial factors, along with biological factors, need to be considered when determining how to treat medical problems. Indeed, as discussed throughout this book, such a biopsychosocial approach is the most heuristic