The Role of Adipose Stem Cells in Bone Regeneration and Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Bone regeneration is a complex process that is influenced by tissue interactions, inflammatory responses, and progenitor cells. Diseases, lifestyle, or multiple trauma can disturb fracture healing, which might result in prolonged healing duration or even failure. The current gold standard therapy in these cases are bone grafts. However, they are associated with several disadvantages, e.g., donor site morbidity and availability of appropriate material. Bone tissue engineering has been proposed as a promising alternative. The success of bone-tissue engineering depends on the administered cells, osteogenic differentiation, and secretome. Different stem cell types offer advantages and drawbacks in this field, while adipose-derived stem or stromal cells (ASCs) are in particular promising. They show high osteogenic potential, osteoinductive ability, and immunomodulation properties. Furthermore, they can be harvested through a noninvasive process in high numbers. ASCs can be induced into osteogenic lineage through bioactive molecules, i.e., growth factors and cytokines. Moreover, their secretome, in particular extracellular vesicles, has been linked to fracture healing. The aim of this review is a comprehensive overview of ASCs for bone regeneration and bone tissue engineering.

Enhancement of Osteoblast Function through Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

“…Bone fracture is the most common traumatic injury in humans [ 1 ]. Although the bone normally heals itself, approximately 10% of bone fractures do not heal normally [ 2 , 3 ]. Aging and disease are factors that can negatively affect bone healing [ 3 ].…”

“…Although the bone normally heals itself, approximately 10% of bone fractures do not heal normally [ 2 , 3 ]. Aging and disease are factors that can negatively affect bone healing [ 3 ]. Moreover, large bone defects due to heavy trauma or multiple fracture also disrupt normal bone healing [ 4 , 5 ].…”

“…Moreover, large bone defects due to heavy trauma or multiple fracture also disrupt normal bone healing [ 4 , 5 ]. Bone grafting is the current gold standard for bone defect reconstruction; it involves transplanting autologous bone tissue into the bone defect zone to trigger bone regeneration [ 1 , 3 ]. However, the limitations of bone grafting include donor site morbidity and potentially low availability of a suitable autologous material [ 1 , 3 ].…”

PLGA Containing Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Accelerates the Repair of Alveolar Bone Defects via Transfer of CGRP

“…The potential application of hADSC-EVs in the bone tissue regeneration has been largely reported [ 21 , 22 ]. Here, we pinpointed the promoting effect of PLGA/pDA-loaded hADSC-EVs on the osteogenic differentiation ability of hPDLSCs and the ensuing repair of alveolar bone defects by delivering CGRP.…”

The Crosstalk Between Adipose-Derived Stem or Stromal Cells (ASC) and Cancer Cells and ASC-Mediated Effects on Cancer Formation and Progression—ASCs: Safety Hazard or Harmless Source of Tropism?

“…ASC-based therapies show promising results in the field of tissue engineering 10 and for a spectrum of different diseases ranging from contour deficits in the field of esthetic 8 , 11 and regenerative medicine, 4 bone, 12 , 13 and cartilage regeneration, 14 , 15 as well as amelioration of chronic wounds, eg, Crohn’s fistula-in-ano. 16 …”